Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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Zone Member State Use Tillage C South -: no data available Fertiliser (kg/ha) Bulgaria - - - Cyprus - - - France All 84% ploughing a Grain Silage 0.2% direct seeding 15.8% superficial, without turning the soil 232 N SW b 210 N W 220 N NW 156 N a , 71 P2O5, 97 K2O 78 N a , 51 P2O5, 87 K2O Greece - - - Italy Not specified 30% no ploughing Portugal Not specified Ploughing or Direct seeding l,m Spain Grain/silage Ploughing; 20% no ploughing 5% direct drill in second crop m Insecticides (% applied of the cultivated area) 42% SW b 32% W 33% NW 200 N b 5% N b 220-230 minus amount in organic matter and irrigation water N l 350 N b 210-350 N (170 from manure) i 10% NE b For silage maize fertilizer is often applied as semi-liquid manure from cattle with a small row gift of mineral N at the start of the growing season. Often the manure contains sufficient phosphorus to fulfil the need. Not only are the requirements of a specific crop or soil conditions determining the agricultural practice of applying manure or mineral fertilisers, also laws and regulations are, to a large extend, weighing on the agricultural practice. As an example the Nitrates Directive 18 aiming to protect water quality across Europe by preventing nitrates from agricultural sources polluting ground and surface waters, sets a maximum of 170 kg N/ha originating from livestock manure in "vulnerable zones", amongst other measurements. Phosphorus application with chemical fertilisers, as a rule, is prohibited unless soil analysis is performed and a permit is issued by the competent authority. Some Member States establish codes of good agricultural practice and set up an action programme for the vulnerable zones. Some examples: • In the Netherlands the requirements are laid down in the ‘Meststoffenwet’ (1986 and amendments) and implementing decrees and decisions. • In Flanders (Belgium), the Manure Decree (Mestdecreet, 2006 and amendments) as worked out in the ‘Mestactieplan’ (MAP1 in 1996, MAP2 in 1998, MAP3 in 2006 and draft MAP4 in 2010) is applicable. 18 91/676/EEC, OJ L 375, 31.12.1991, p. 1-8 Page 28 of 64
• In Germany the Fertilisation Ordinance (Verordnung über die Grundsätze der guten fachlichen Praxis beim Düngen vom 26. Januar 1996. BGBL I S. 118, geändert durch VO v. 16.7.1997, BGBL I S. 1835) is interpreted further by the individual governments of each state (Bundesland). • In Spain following Regulation (EC) 73/2009, Royal Decree 486/2009 states good agricultural practices as a condition for farmers that receive community aid. The Autonomous Regions further elaborate the rules for their territory. In particular, Royal Decree 291/1996 is about water quality protection against nitrates. • In France Decree 2001-34 transposing the Nitrates Directive, later modified by Decree 2005- 634, deals with nitrate applications in vulnerable zones. Several Inter-ministerial Circulars (DE/DPPR/DGS/DGFAR of April 2001, DGFAR/SDSTAR/C2003-5021 of September 2003, DGFAR/SDER/C2008-5014 of March 2008, etc.) and the inter-ministerial Decision of 6 March 2001, and the “Code des bonnes pratiques agricoles” as established by the Decision of 22 November 1993 further elaborate on the subject. • In Italy the Decreto legislativo 11 maggio 1999, n. 152 "Disposizioni sulla tutela delle acque dall'inquinamento e recepimento della direttiva 91/271/CEE concernente il trattamento delle acque reflue urbane e della direttiva 91/676/CEE” as amended in 2000 and twice in 2003. Deviations to these requirements have occurred. E.g. Commission Decision of 21 December 2007 granting a derogation requested by Belgium with regard to the region of Flanders pursuant to Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources 19 , allows to apply 250 kg N/ha from livestock manure in parcels cultivated with grassland and maize undersown with grassland. This is supported by the long growing season and high N demand by these crops. For each field, nitrogen needs are calculated taking into account the previous crop, the catch crop, the type of soil, the organic matter content of the soil, the expected yield and local regulations. Several <strong>information</strong> services provide models and advice to calculate the right dose to apply in the fields as this may differ from one field to another; e.g. at http://www.nutrinorm.nl/nl-NL/Berekeningen/Mais.aspx. Also, limitations in time of spreading manure have been established. 19 2008/64/EC, OJ L 16, 19.01.2008, p. 28-33 Page 29 of 64
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Maize cultivation in Europe 3.1 C
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: Grain maize production by
Page 9 and 10: Zone Member State Maize type 2010 2
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 13 and 14: Zone Member State Main weed species
Page 15 and 16: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4: Distribution of Diabrotic
Page 19 and 20: 4 Preparation 4.1 Seeds Breeding go
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 provides an overview of mat
Page 23 and 24: Insecticides are included in seed t
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Page 25 of 64
Page 27: Zone Member State Use Tillage B Cen
Page 31 and 32: Zone Member State Use Sowing dates
Page 33 and 34: Table 14: Chemical weed control (pr
Page 35 and 36: Zone Member State -: no data availa
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Use Insecticides
Page 39 and 40: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 41 and 42: Integrated pest management (IPM) pr
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5: European Irrigation Map (
Page 45 and 46: Table 20: Irrigation of maize in Bu
Page 47 and 48: Zone Member State Region grain maiz
Page 49 and 50: Table 21: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State Use Harvest date
Page 59 and 60: 7 Consulted sources The following t
Page 61 and 62: Křístková M., 2010, Experience w
Page 63 and 64: Bayerischer Bauernverband; http://w
Page 65 and 66: Wageningen UR Livestock Research ht

Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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