Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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5 Cultivation 5.1 Sowing Maize being a subtropical plant species, demands some warmth for germination and early development, hence the late sowing in the northern part of Europe. Maize can be sown as soon as soil temperatures reach 8-10°C. This is earlier in spring on sandy soils compared to heavy clay soils. In organic farming the crop is usually sown late to obtain a quick establishment of the plants and to avoid damping-off. Optimal maize sowing dates across the EU are presented in Table 12. Pest attacks may force farmers to sow beyond optimal dates (Endure, 2009). Table 12: Maize sowing dates (Czarnak-Kłos & Rodríguez-Cerezo, 2010) Zone Member State Use Sowing dates A North B Centre Denmark Silage 10.04 – 30.04 Estonia Silage 01.05 – 20.05 Finland Silage 15.05 – 06.06 Latvia Silage Southern region 05-10.05 Northern region 10-15.05 Lithuania Silage 01.05 - 20.05 Sweden Silage 20.04 – 10.05 Austria Grain/Silage 10.04 – 05.05 (10.05 in the case of wet land) Forage 25.04 – 31.05 Belgium Grain/Silage 15-20.04 – 15.05 Czech Republic Grain/Silage Warmer regions (Moravia) 10.4 - 25.4 Other regions 15.4-10.5 Germany Grain/Silage Southern part beginning of April Northern part mid-April Hungary Grain 10.04 – 30.04 Silage 10.04 – 20.05 Ireland Silage Plastic cover: 01.04 (early region)/14.04 (late region) – 08.05 Open cultivation: 14.04 (early region)/21.04 (late region)– 08.05 Luxembourg Grain/Silage 20.04 – beginning of May the Netherlands Grain/Silage 20.04 – 10.05 Poland Grain/Silage 20.04 – 10.05 Romania Grain Northern and central regon:10.04 – 10.05 Eastern region: 01.04 – 10.05 Southern and western region: 25.03 – 30.04 Silage Northern and Central regon:15.04 – 15.05 Eastern region: 10.04 – 10.05 Southern and Western region: 01.04 – 30.04 Forage (as second crop) Northern and central regon:15.06 – 15.07 Eastern region: 10.06 – 15.07 Southern and western region: 10.06 – 01.07 Slovakia Grain/Silage 20.04 – beginning of May Slovenia Grain/Silage 10.04 – 25.04 Page 30 of 64
Zone Member State Use Sowing dates C South the United Kingdom -: no data available Grain/Silage Late March (plastic cover) – end of May Bulgaria - Cyprus Silage 15.03 – 30.06 France Grain Very early varieties: 15.04 – 15.05 Early to mid-early varieties: 10.04 – 15.05 Mid early to late varieties: 05.04 – 15.05 Silage Very early: 15.04 – 15.05 Early to mid-early: 10.04 – 15.05 Mid early to late: 05.04 – 15.05 Greece Grain 01.04 – 20.04 (only 5% sown 15.03-31.03) Silage 15.03 – 20.04 (only 5% sown after 20.04) Italy Grain/Silage Beginning of March – end of May As second crop: 15.05 - June Portugal Grain 15.03 – 30.04 Silage 15.04 – 20-25.05 Spain Grain/Silage Beginning of March – mid June Plant densities depend on the maize variety and its purpose (Table 13). The amount of seeds used is further dependent by the time of sowing: early sowing requires 10-15% more seeds compared to the desired plant number per hectare, late sowing 0-5%. Table 13: Maize sowing - seed use and plant density (Sources: a conventional derived from organic farming data; b Maiskomitee; c Maïshandboek; d Baden-Württemberg silomais; e Thüringen; f Endure; g Ministry of Agriculture (MADR); h FSE; i KWS; j EuropaBio member companies; k Wye College Maize Unit) Zone Member State Use Seed use (1,000 kernels/ha) A North B Centre Denmark - - Estonia - - Finland - - Latvia - - Lithuania - - Sweden - - Austria - - Plant density (1,000/ha) Belgium Not specified i 60-120 60-120 Czech Republic - - Germany Not specified b 75-140 60-120 Hungary Silage d - 80-100 Silage e 70-120 - Grain e 60-100 - - - Ireland - - Luxembourg - - Page 31 of 64
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Maize cultivation in Europe 3.1 C
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: Grain maize production by
Page 9 and 10: Zone Member State Maize type 2010 2
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 13 and 14: Zone Member State Main weed species
Page 15 and 16: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4: Distribution of Diabrotic
Page 19 and 20: 4 Preparation 4.1 Seeds Breeding go
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 provides an overview of mat
Page 23 and 24: Insecticides are included in seed t
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Page 25 of 64
Page 27 and 28: Zone Member State Use Tillage B Cen
Page 29: • In Germany the Fertilisation Or
Page 33 and 34: Table 14: Chemical weed control (pr
Page 35 and 36: Zone Member State -: no data availa
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Use Insecticides
Page 39 and 40: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 41 and 42: Integrated pest management (IPM) pr
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5: European Irrigation Map (
Page 45 and 46: Table 20: Irrigation of maize in Bu
Page 47 and 48: Zone Member State Region grain maiz
Page 49 and 50: Table 21: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State Use Harvest date
Page 59 and 60: 7 Consulted sources The following t
Page 61 and 62: Křístková M., 2010, Experience w
Page 63 and 64: Bayerischer Bauernverband; http://w
Page 65 and 66: Wageningen UR Livestock Research ht

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