Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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Zone Member State Main diseases B Centre C South Latvia - Lithuania Sweden - Austria - - Belgium b Fusarium ssp.; Pythium ssp. and Ustilago maydis Czech Republic e Fusarium spp.; Helmintosporium turcicum; Puccinia sorghi; Rhizoctonia solani and Ustilago maydis Germany c,e,f Acremonium spp.; Fusarium ssp.; Kabatiella zeae; Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia spp.; Trichometasphaeria turcica and Ustilago maydis, Hungary a,f Fusarium spp.; Puccinia sorghi; Sclerophthora macrospora and Ustilago maydis Ireland - Luxembourg - the Netherlands a,f Acremonium spp.; Fusarium ssp.; Helminthosporium ssp.; Kabatiella zeae; Phoma ssp.; Pythium spp.; Puccinia sorghi; Rhizoctonia ssp. and Ustilago maydis Poland a,f Acremonium spp.; Fusarium ssp.; Giberella zeae; Helminthosporium ssp.; Kabatiella zeae; Phoma ssp.; Pythium spp.; Puccinia sorghi; Rhizoctonia ssp.; Sclerophthora macrospora; Sphacelotheca reiliana; Trichometasphaeria turcica and Ustilago maydis Romania e Slovakia e Slovenia - the United Kingdom d -: no data available Bulgaria - Cyprus - Fusarium ssp.; Giberella zeae; and Ustilago tritici Fusarium ssp.; Helminthosporium ssp.; Puccinia sorghi; Rhizoctonia solani and Ustilago maydis damping-off diseases France a,f Acremonium spp.; Fusarium ssp.; Pythium spp.; Puccinia sorghi; Rhizoctonia spp.; Sphacelotheca reiliana; Trichometasphareria turcica and Ustilago maydis Greece - Italy a,f Acremonium spp.; Fusarium spp.; Pythium spp.; Puccinia sorghi; Rhizoctonia spp.; Sclerophthora macrospora; Trichometasphaeria turcica and Ustilago maydis Portugal Fusarium spp. e and Ustilago maydis e Spain a,f Acremonium spp.; Fusarium spp.; Pythium spp.; Puccinia sorghi; Rhizoctonia spp.; Sclerophthora macrospora; Sphacelotheca reiliana; Trichometasphaeria turcica and Ustilago maydis e Page 18 of 64
4 Preparation 4.1 Seeds Breeding goals for maize differ somewhat according to the envisaged use (grain vs silage, energy; climatic region). Common goals are yield improvement, maturity, standability and pest and disease resistance. Maize was first used for human consumption, and only later as an animal feed, first as fresh green fodder in summer, later ensiled for winter feeding (Barrière et al., 2006 8 ). In the first half of the twentieth century open pollinated varieties were used. They were gradually replaced by the higher yielding hybrids. In Europe for a long time the focus was on grain characteristics rather than on qualities as an animal feed (Barrière et al., 2005 9 ). First in the Netherlands and later in other countries the digestibility of the plant was worked on. In 1988, the feeding value became a registration criterion in the Netherlands, expressed as ‘feed units dairy cows per kilogram dry matter’ (voedereenheden melkvee per kilogram droge stof, VEM/kg DM). Since then the average feeding value of hybrids increased by 8%, and the in vitro whole plant digestibility with 30% (Barrière et al., 2005). Today starch content and high cell wall digestibility are very important. In the 1980s a significant improvement of earliness was noticed. The acreage of silage maize in Denmark increased simultaneously (Barrière et al., 2006). The early types combined later silking, which means more leaves and a higher leaf area index, with faster grain filling and grain drying. Also a better cold tolerance and early vigour have contributed to this phenomenon. In more recent years characters such as drought tolerance (better water use efficiency), nitrogen use efficiency, or stress tolerance in general are becoming important as well. European legislation requires that every variety undergoes official trials for DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability) and VCU (Value for Cultivation and Use) before commercialisation. The guidelines for the VCU and DUS tests are summarised in Directive 2002/53/EC 10 . For maize, Directive 2003/90/EC 11 refers to the ‘Protocols for distinctness, uniformity and stability tests’ of the Administrative Council of the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO)(CPVO-TP 002/3 12 ). For the VCU the minimum items to test are not defined in detail; i.e. yield, resistance to harmful organisms, behaviour with respect to factors in the physical environment, and quality characteristics. Since 2007, the Commission is in the process of reviewing the legislation on the marketing of seeds and plant propagating material, as part of its better regulation initiative 13 . The common catalogue is based on the national lists of the Member States. All Member States compile one or more national catalogues of the varieties accepted for certification and marketing in their territory. The implementation of VCU testing by the Member States might be different, resulting in different admission levels between countries. Differences exist in the preparation of the seed, trial layout/field protocol, evaluated (quality) characteristics, methods of analysis, etc. 8 Barrière Y., Alber D., Dolstra O., Lapierre C., Motto M., Ordas A., Van Waes J., Vlasminkel L., Welcker C., Monod J.P. (2006) Past and prospects of forage maize breeding in Europe. II. History, germplasm evolution and correlative agronomic changes. Maydica 51: 435-449. 9 Barrière, Alber D., Dolstra O., Lapierre C., Motto M., Ordas A., Van Waes J., Vlasminkel L., Welcker C., Monod J.P. (2005) Past and prospects of forage maize breeding in Europe. I. The grass cell wall as a basis of genetic variation and future improvements in feeding value. Maydica 50: 259-274. 10 Council Directive 2002/53/EC of 13 June 2002 on the common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species. OJ L 193, 20.7.2002, p. 1-15. 11 Commission Directive 2003/90/EC of 6 October 2003 setting out implementing measures for the purposes of Article 7 of Council Directive 2002/53/EC as regards the characteristics to be covered as a minimum by the examination and the minimum conditions for examining certain varieties of agricultural plant species. OJ L 254, 08.10.2003, p. 7-10. 12 http://www.cpvo.europa.eu/documents/TP/agricoles/TP_002-3_ZEA_MAYS.pdf 13 http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/propagation/evaluation/index_en.htm Page 19 of 64
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Maize cultivation in Europe 3.1 C
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: Grain maize production by
Page 9 and 10: Zone Member State Maize type 2010 2
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 13 and 14: Zone Member State Main weed species
Page 15 and 16: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 17: Figure 4: Distribution of Diabrotic
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 provides an overview of mat
Page 23 and 24: Insecticides are included in seed t
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Page 25 of 64
Page 27 and 28: Zone Member State Use Tillage B Cen
Page 29 and 30: • In Germany the Fertilisation Or
Page 31 and 32: Zone Member State Use Sowing dates
Page 33 and 34: Table 14: Chemical weed control (pr
Page 35 and 36: Zone Member State -: no data availa
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Use Insecticides
Page 39 and 40: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 41 and 42: Integrated pest management (IPM) pr
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5: European Irrigation Map (
Page 45 and 46: Table 20: Irrigation of maize in Bu
Page 47 and 48: Zone Member State Region grain maiz
Page 49 and 50: Table 21: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State Use Harvest date
Page 59 and 60: 7 Consulted sources The following t
Page 61 and 62: Křístková M., 2010, Experience w
Page 63 and 64: Bayerischer Bauernverband; http://w
Page 65 and 66: Wageningen UR Livestock Research ht

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