Abstract Book of EAVLD2012 - eavld congress 2012

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S1 - K - 01 THE EMERGENCE OF SCHMALLENBERG VIRUS – HOW TO RESPOND TO NEW EPIZOOTICS IN EUROPE Wim H. M. van der Poel Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands, Tel. +31320238383, email: wim.vanderpoel@wur.nl Schmallenberg virus, epizootic, sheep, cattle, goat The emergence of Schmallenberg virus Schmallenberg virus was discovered in November 2011, and named after the village in Germany where it was first detected in blood samples from a dairy herd (1). The provisionally named “Schmallenberg virus” is an enveloped, negative-sense, segmented, single-stranded RNA virus. It belongs to the Bunyaviridae family, within the Orthobunyavirus genus. Schmallenberg virus is related to the Simbu serogroup viruses, which also includes ruminant viruses like Shamonda, Akabane, Sathuperi, Douglas and Aino virus. Based on what is already known about the genetically related Simbu serogroup viruses, Schmallenberg virus affects domestic ruminants. At its first occurrence in dairy cattle in both Germany and The Netherlands Schmallenberg virus infections presented with fever and reduced milk yield, in the Netherlands also severe diarrhoea (2). In early December 2011, congenital malformations were reported in new-born lambs in the Netherlands, and Schmallenberg virus was detected in and isolated from the brain tissue. Thereafter the virus was also detected in malformed calves and goat kids. Gross pathology in malformed animals and stillbirths (calves, lambs, kids) included arthrogryposis, hydrocephaly, brachygnathia inferior, ankylosis, torticollis, scoliosis, hydranencephaly, hypoplasia of the central nervous system, porencephaly and subcutaneous oedema (3). The symptoms can be summarised as arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly syndrome (AHS). The spatial and temporal distribution suggests that the disease is first transmitted by insect vectors, in particular culicoides spp and then vertically in utero. The detection of SBV in midges (culicoides spp) in several countries supports this assumption. The emergence of Schmallenberg virus in Europe resulted in a rapid increase of malformations in new borne lambs and later on calves. In spring 2012 the numbers of cases started to decrease, first in sheep and then in cattle. By May 2012 Schmallenberg virus had affected farms in at least 8 countries in Western Europe, and although the epidemic curve seemed to come to an end by May 2012 a further spread over Europe still is likely (4). Schmallenberg virus clearly causes severe disease in ruminants and as a result economic losses which may be enhanced by trade restrictions. As the family of Bunyaviridae contains several important zoonoses, studies were performed to elucidate its zoonotic potential. In a rapid risk assessment in Dec 2011 it was concluded that human infections were unlikely but could not be excluded. Therefore both in the Netherlands and Germany serosurveys in the human population were performed. In the Netherlands 301 persons exposed to SBV, farmers and veterinarians, were tested and in North Rhine-Westphalia 60 cattle and sheep farmers were tested. None of the tested individuals showed antibody to SBV and it was concluded that there is no evidence for zoonotic infection (5). How to respond to new epizootics in Europe The “Schmallenberg virus experience” again has shown that the introduction of a completely new virus on the continent can encompass an important threat to animal health and public health. Moreover, continued changes in human and animal demography, coupled with environmental changes and changes within a virus itself make it likely that the trend for increased viral disease emergence will continue. Strategies to improve veterinary and public health protection with regard to emerging pathogens have focused towards improved surveillance. Improved detection of viruses in reservoirs, early disease outbreak detection, or broadly based research to clarify important factors that favour (re-)emergence. In order to recognize and combat viral diseases, it is pivotal to understand the epidemiology of these infections. We need to know the pathogen, its vertebrate hosts and the methods of transmission between these hosts. This should be coupled with knowledge of spatio-temporal disease patterns together with changes over time. Together, these can be used to build a picture of the dynamic processes involved in virus transmission that can be used to account for observed disease patterns and ultimately to forecast spread and establishment into new areas. Longitudinal veterinary surveillance should include food producing animals as well as wildlife and also insect vectors should be considered. A main goal of infectious disease surveillance is the early detection of new emerging pathogens. For this we will primarily be dependant of clinicians and laboratories testing field samples from potential reservoirs. Case reports will have to be generated and combined to early detect new emerging pathogens. Electronic systems, preferably web-based, could be very helpful to achieve this. In addition, improved detection may also be achieved through use of syndromic approaches. Syndromic surveillance, which collects non-specific syndromes before diagnosis, has great advantages in promoting the early detection of new emerging diseases before disease confirmation. By combining syndromic surveillance with case report surveillance in online reporting systems, a sensitive early detection system for new emerging diseases could be build. Novel molecular methods, for example DNA microarrays and whole genome approaches offer unprecedented opportunities for rapid detection but these require significant optimisation and validation before they can be deployed broadly. Also due to costs limitations, the rapid detection of a new virus will only be feasible by employing the different molecular techniques, including microarray, (RT)-PCR and whole genome sequencing, in a sensible combination. By applying molecular approaches, positive detections of a lot of different pathogens in a lot of different samples have been performed. However, it is much more difficult to proof causation. The agent should be present at high concentrations and seroconversion should be demonstrated. Confidence in a causal relationship between a candidate pathogen and a disease is enhanced by fulfilment of Kochs’ Postulates (i.e. demonstration of the presence of an agent in all cases of a disease and not in the absence of disease, replication of disease following ex vivo cultivation and introduction into a naïve host); however, this will not always be feasible. Apart from the fact that this can be extremely time-consuming, some viruses cannot be cultured and experimental infection can be extremely difficult. Prompt detection and instigation of control measures such as vaccination are crucial to prevent spread. Cloned
antigens or attenuated vaccines can be modified into the appropriate antigenic forms and in the case of arboviruses, approaches targeting replication in the arthropod vector, or the vectors themselves, may offer substantial benefit for control. However, the development of a safe and efficacious vaccine including its registration for use is very time-consuming. Moreover history has learned that it is extremely difficult to swiftly design a new reactive vaccination strategy, which means that in the first phase of every new epidemic we will have to rely on biocontainment and biosecurity measurements. National and International cooperation can be helpful to early identify new pathogens and will be needed to develop innovative and rapid control strategies to combat emerging diseases. Therefore this should be stimulated as much as possible. Knowledge exchange and research networking should become a commonplace. In addition the One Health approach, involving inclusive collaborations between physicians, veterinarians and other health and environmental professionals, will be more and more important to combat emerging viral disease outbreaks. National authorities as well as international organisations like WHO, OIE, FAO and also ECDC therefore should actively support such cooperative initiatives to achieve an optimal response to new epizootics in Europe. References 1. Hoffmann B, Scheuch M, Höper D, Jungblut R, Holsteg M, Schirrmeier H, Eschbaumer M, Goller KV, Wernike K, Fischer M, Breithaupt A, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M (2012) Novel orthobunyavirus in Cattle, Europe, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 18: 469-472. 2. Muskens J, Smolenaars AJ, van der Poel WH, Mars MH, van Wuijckhuise L, Holzhauer M, van Weering H, Kock P (2012) Diarrhea and loss of production on Dutch dairy farms caused by the Schmallenberg virus. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 137:112-115. 3. Van den Brom R, Luttikholt SJ, Lievaart-Peterson K, Peperkamp NH, Mars MH, van der Poel WH, Vellema P (2012) Epizootic of ovine congenital malformations associated with Schmallenberg virus infection. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 137:106- 111. 4. Armin R.W. Elbers , Willie L.A. Loeffen, Sjaak Quak, Els de Boer-Luijtze, Arco N. van der Spek, Ruth Bouwstra, Riks Maas, Marcel A.H. Spierenburg, Eric P. de Kluijver, Gerdien van Schaik, Wim H.M. van der Poel (2012) Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies among Dairy Cattle, the Netherlands, Winter 2011–2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18:.. 5 .Chantal Reusken, Cees van den Wijngaard, Paul van Beek, Martin Beer, Gert-Jan Godeke, Leslie Isken, Hans van den Kerkhof, Wilfrid van Pelt , Wim van der Poel, Johan Reimerink, Peter Schielen, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, Piet Vellema, Ankje de Vries, Inge Wouters and Marion Koopmans (2012) Public health response to an emerging arbovirus: the case of Schmallenberg virus (submitted for publication).
Page 2 and 3: 2 nd CONGRESSOFTHEEUROPEAN ASSOCIAT
Page 4: Welcome Dear colleagues, Welcome to
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List of Abstracts (in order of numb
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S1-P-03 BALLAGI ANDREA S1-P-04 BENI
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S3-P-06 KELLER SELINA S3-P-07 KÖNI
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List of abstracts (alphabetical ord
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