A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY ...
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY ...
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY ...
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Table 2.2 Pilot Studies<br />
Details of Selected Studies of EF/AP<br />
23<br />
Study<br />
Bowers &<br />
MacDonald<br />
(2004)<br />
Observational<br />
Pilot Study<br />
Pre-posttest<br />
Effectiveness<br />
Kaiser,<br />
Spence,<br />
Lavergne, &<br />
VandenBosch<br />
(2004)<br />
Observational<br />
Pilot Study<br />
Pre-Posttest<br />
*confound/limitation<br />
Sample<br />
Characteristics,<br />
Sample Size<br />
n=10. At-risk<br />
adolescents 14-18.<br />
M, F, various<br />
ethnicities, many<br />
with histories of<br />
abuse. Volunteer<br />
participants,<br />
previously or<br />
currently in<br />
psychotherapy.<br />
*Referred by<br />
Project Director of<br />
school at-risk<br />
program (Serenata<br />
Farms).<br />
*Lack stat power<br />
n=16 able-bodied<br />
7-17 year olds.<br />
F=12, M=4, without<br />
mh diagnosis & no<br />
known history of<br />
meds.<br />
Targeted<br />
Behaviors Intervention/Comparison Assessment Outcome<br />
Weekly for 7 weeks @ 90”= 7<br />
sessions (approximately*)<br />
(originally scheduled for 9*)<br />
Administered by certified<br />
instructors and trained<br />
volunteers. Natural<br />
Horsemanship Approach:<br />
round pen + riding.<br />
H1: Sense of selfworth,<br />
empathy,<br />
internal LOC will<br />
↑; depression,<br />
loneliness ↓.<br />
Anger, quality of<br />
life, perceived<br />
self-confidence.<br />
*Description of<br />
treatment/comparison groups<br />
unclear.<br />
5-day therapeutic riding day<br />
camp. Therapeutic riding<br />
taught by NARHA instructors<br />
& horse-related classroom<br />
activities, taught by staff &<br />
volunteers.<br />
Pre-Posttest<br />
1. Self-Perception<br />
Profile for<br />
Adolescents<br />
2. Empathy<br />
Questionnaire 3.<br />
Locus of Control<br />
Scale 4. Children’s<br />
Depression Inventory<br />
5. Children’s<br />
Loneliness<br />
Questionnaire*<br />
Administered by<br />
trained experimenter.<br />
*not age appropriate?<br />
Pre-Post Test. 1.<br />
Children’s Inventory<br />
of Anger<br />
2. Peds QL 4.0<br />
3. Self-Perception<br />
Profile for Children<br />
Administered by<br />
trained data<br />
collectors.<br />
Conservative stats.<br />
Reported reliability &<br />
validity.<br />
No effect on<br />
feelings of<br />
self-worth.<br />
Anecdotal<br />
evidence<br />
contrary.<br />
Empathy was<br />
unaffected.<br />
LOC<br />
unaffected<br />
Depression<br />
reported sig↓+<br />
anecdotally.<br />
No sig change<br />
in loneliness.*<br />
*attrition=4<br />
*School closing<br />
1. Total scores<br />
on anger ↓ sig,<br />
+ all subscales<br />
except<br />
frustration.<br />
2,3 no sig<br />
differences.<br />
↑ Trend noted<br />
in Global Self-<br />
Worth<br />
subscale.
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