A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY ...

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Table 2.2 Pilot Studies Details of Selected Studies of EF/AP 23 Study Bowers & MacDonald (2004) Observational Pilot Study Pre-posttest Effectiveness Kaiser, Spence, Lavergne, & VandenBosch (2004) Observational Pilot Study Pre-Posttest *confound/limitation Sample Characteristics, Sample Size n=10. At-risk adolescents 14-18. M, F, various ethnicities, many with histories of abuse. Volunteer participants, previously or currently in psychotherapy. *Referred by Project Director of school at-risk program (Serenata Farms). *Lack stat power n=16 able-bodied 7-17 year olds. F=12, M=4, without mh diagnosis & no known history of meds. Targeted Behaviors Intervention/Comparison Assessment Outcome Weekly for 7 weeks @ 90”= 7 sessions (approximately*) (originally scheduled for 9*) Administered by certified instructors and trained volunteers. Natural Horsemanship Approach: round pen + riding. H1: Sense of selfworth, empathy, internal LOC will ↑; depression, loneliness ↓. Anger, quality of life, perceived self-confidence. *Description of treatment/comparison groups unclear. 5-day therapeutic riding day camp. Therapeutic riding taught by NARHA instructors & horse-related classroom activities, taught by staff & volunteers. Pre-Posttest 1. Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents 2. Empathy Questionnaire 3. Locus of Control Scale 4. Children’s Depression Inventory 5. Children’s Loneliness Questionnaire* Administered by trained experimenter. *not age appropriate? Pre-Post Test. 1. Children’s Inventory of Anger 2. Peds QL 4.0 3. Self-Perception Profile for Children Administered by trained data collectors. Conservative stats. Reported reliability & validity. No effect on feelings of self-worth. Anecdotal evidence contrary. Empathy was unaffected. LOC unaffected Depression reported sig↓+ anecdotally. No sig change in loneliness.* *attrition=4 *School closing 1. Total scores on anger ↓ sig, + all subscales except frustration. 2,3 no sig differences. ↑ Trend noted in Global Self- Worth subscale.
Table 2.2--Continued 24 Study Graham (2007) Experimental Pilot Study Pre-Posttest Comparison Schultz, Remick- Barlow, & Robbins (2007) Observational Crosssectional Pilot Study *confound/limitation Sample Characteristics, Sample Size n=32 F, age 30-65, white.* 1 st to present meeting inclusion criteria: exp’d defined catastrophic loss past 24 mos, attending grief support group, not ↑28 BDI-II(severely depressed). Random assignment to experimental or control. Control only received nutritional lit. *E=16, C=16. Convenience sample*, n=63, from all EAP referrals over 18 mos.. M=37, F=26, age 4-16, multiethnic, various behavioral & mh conditions. Targeted Behaviors Intervention/Comparison Assessment Outcome 60 days. 3 Facilities. 5 60-90” sessions over 5 weeks. Manualized. Administered by 4 trained facilitators. Depression →catastrophic loss. Depression, wellness, and physiological measures. H1: ↑ wellness after trt. H2: ↓ depression after trt. H3: Posttest scores on depression & wellness inversely correlated. H4: Psysiological measure ↓ baseline→trt ↑ Global Assessment of Functioning- Children Scale. EAGALA model. 6-116 sessions of EAP to evaluate. Administered by Licensed Independent Social Worker and Equine Specialist. Family participation encouraged. No further description provided. Pre-Post: 1. Beck Depression Inventory- II 2. SF-36 Each session: 3. Physiological measures 4. How’s Is It Going Self Report. Reported reliability/validity. Attrition: no sig diff GAF-Children, at 3- mo. Intervals until treatment complete. Pre-Posttest Reported reliability/validity. Attrition mentioned, not reported.* H1: Physical wellness not supported.Supported ↑mental wellness, SF-36, p
Page 1 and 2: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Some time ago I ca
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 7 and 8: APPENDIX 6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS .....
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 GRADE
Page 11 and 12: The purpose of this systematic revi
Page 13 and 14: movement manifested in some neurolo
Page 15 and 16: Animals have been used for therapeu
Page 17 and 18: traumatic brain injury, attention d
Page 19 and 20: vendor (Borzo, 2002). Interestingly
Page 21 and 22: therapists address a variety of men
Page 23 and 24: interest in nature-based therapies
Page 25 and 26: their perceptions of the world. Man
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 2 METHODS 2.1 Literature Se
Page 29 and 30: Retrieved potentially relevant publ
Page 31: were achieved in regard to desired
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3--Continued Study Ewing, M
Page 37 and 38: Table 2.4 Pre-Posttest Studies with
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.5--Continued 30 Study Ianno
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 3.1 Description o
Page 43 and 44: used to compute outcomes. In the re
Page 45 and 46: that participants with increased le
Page 47 and 48: 3.1.7.2 GRADE The results of the ap
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION To date, there
Page 51 and 52: generalizability (Shambo et al), or
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 5 IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL W
Page 55 and 56: 5.1.1 Adjunctive Uses Interventions
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite
Page 59 and 60: effects of this application on the
Page 61 and 62: Beckman-Devik, L. & Ansin, C, (Wint
Page 63 and 64: (http://www.horsesandhumans.org/Res
Page 65 and 66: handling, grooming, longeing, ridin
Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX C PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAIN
Page 69 and 70: An acute episode of “reactive air
Page 71 and 72: REFERENCES Acampora, T. (2008). Not
Page 73 and 74: Birch, A. & Hong, C. S. (2007). A l
Page 75 and 76: Cornelius, S. (2002). An explorator
Page 77 and 78: Fine, A., H. (2000). Animals and th
Page 79 and 80: Hansen, K., Messinger, C., Baun, M.
Page 81 and 82: *Kaiser, L. K., Spence, L. J., Lave
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Levinson, B. M. (1972). Man, animal
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National Association of Social Work
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Root, A. (2000). Equine-assisted th
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Tedeschi, P. (1992). Guidelines for
Page 91 and 92:
Yorke, J. (2008). The significance
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