A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY ...

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ABSTRACT A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY INVOLVING EQUINES Alison Selby, MSSW The University of Texas at Arlington, 2009 Supervising Professor: Alexa Smith-Osborne This systematic review examines the empirical literature in an emerging body of evidence for the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions involving equines across populations. Fourteen full reports in English were extracted from 103 studies accessed through sixteen electronic databases and a hand search. Selected quantitative studies were published in peer-reviewed journals; the gray literature and white papers were also explored. Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) and Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were applied to all studies. Data were synthesized in relation to four research questions informing evidence-based practice. No randomized clinical trials were located. Two studies provided a moderate level of evidence for effectiveness. Nine studies demonstrated statistically significant positive effects. In the aggregate, the evidence is promising in support of the effectiveness of psychotherapy employing equines. Future studies are needed that utilize rigorous and creative designs, especially longitudinal studies and comparisons with established effective treatments. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………… .............………………….iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… ............. ……………….iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............ ……………………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF TABLES ............. ………………………………………………………………………………..ix Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Historical Context… .............................................. ………………………………2 1.1.1 North America ................................................................................... 4 1.1.1.1 NARHA ............................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Animal-Assisted Therapy ................................................................. 5 1.2 Involving Horses as Therapeutic Activity ......................................................... 7 1.2.1 Hippotherapy and Therapeutic Horsemanship ....................................................................... 7 1.3 Equines and Mental Health ............................................................................ 11 1.3.1 Equine-Facilitated Mental Health Association (EFMHA) ................................................................... 11 1.3.2 Equine-Assisted Growth And Learning Association (EAGALA) ...................................................... 11 1.3.3 Other Organizations ....................................................................... 12 1.3.4 Lack of Standardized Terminology ............................................................................................. 12 1.4 Theoretical Underpinnings.............................................................................. 13 1.4.1 Biophilia .......................................................................................... 13 1.4.2 Myth and Metaphor ........................................................................ 15 v
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Page 3: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Some time ago I ca
Page 7 and 8: APPENDIX 6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS .....
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 GRADE
Page 11 and 12: The purpose of this systematic revi
Page 13 and 14: movement manifested in some neurolo
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Page 19 and 20: vendor (Borzo, 2002). Interestingly
Page 21 and 22: therapists address a variety of men
Page 23 and 24: interest in nature-based therapies
Page 25 and 26: their perceptions of the world. Man
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Page 31 and 32: were achieved in regard to desired
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Page 47 and 48: 3.1.7.2 GRADE The results of the ap
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION To date, there
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5.1.1 Adjunctive Uses Interventions
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CHAPTER 6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite
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effects of this application on the
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Beckman-Devik, L. & Ansin, C, (Wint
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(http://www.horsesandhumans.org/Res
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handling, grooming, longeing, ridin
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APPENDIX C PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAIN
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An acute episode of “reactive air
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Birch, A. & Hong, C. S. (2007). A l
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Cornelius, S. (2002). An explorator
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Root, A. (2000). Equine-assisted th
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Tedeschi, P. (1992). Guidelines for
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Yorke, J. (2008). The significance
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