Ecotourism - upload.wikimedia....

• Harmony - Leopold,
• Spirituality - John Muir
• Wise use - Pinchot
Eco-feminism
• In 1974, the term "ecofeminism" was conceived by d'Eaubonne as a connection of the ecology
and women
• Movement that views the oppression of women and nature as interconnected.
• It is now better understood as a movement working against the interconnected oppressions of
gender, race, class and nature.
• The eco-feminists feel that men dominate women and humans dominate nature. Naturally,
then, women and the environmentalists should be united in their struggle.
• Other eco-feminists claim that the degradation of nature contributes to the degradation of
women
Deep ecology
• The phrase "deep ecology" was coined by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss in 1973
• Proponents of deep ecology believe that the world does not exist as a resource to be freely
exploited by humans.
• The ethics of deep ecology hold that a whole system is superior to any of its parts.
• The philosophy of deep ecology helped differentiate the modern ecology movement by
pointing out the anthropocentric bias of the term “environment "and rejecting the idea of
humans as authoritarian guardians of the environment.
• Nature has own rights to exists irrespective to the value of human beings.
Mainstream conservationism
• Current conservation efforts represent a more balanced view than the extremes
• Nature for tomorrow, conservation for development etc are still anthropocentric based on
Judeo-Christian doctrine - anthropocentric environmentalism
• The economics of biodiversity (TEB) study of the UNEP – valuing the biodiversity to human
wellbeing
• Millennium ecosystem Assessment (MEA)
Moved by NGOs and foundations
• WWF,
• The Nature Conservancy (ITNC)
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