Appendices - GSA

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Biomass Energy Biomass energy is fuel, heat, or electricity produced from organic materials such as plants, agricultural residues, forestry by-products, and municipal or industrial wastes. Biomass has its energy stored within the chemical structure of the organic substance itself. Solid or liquid biomass feedstocks from surrounding areas can be acquired (at low cost) and converted to heat or electricity for buildings. Much of the plant-based biomass resource is already in a form that is readily transportable and dispatchable, with no energy transformation necessary, though ensuring the fuel has the required moisture content if often critical. There are costs associated with moisture removal/regulation, storage and transport. And, maintaining the energy quality (i.e., moisture content) of the fuel may require some environmental controls and consideration for a shelf life that is not indefinite. This analysis considered 10 configurations of systems for LPOE sites using biomass, such as wood mill waste from surrounding areas. Sources from the LPOE site activity itself such as waste pallets or tree trimmings could also be used. Combustion of solid biomass can be used to generate steam and topping cycle for steam co-generation of heat and power at a facility. Some of the heat output of the boiler may be converted to electricity by a steam turbine in a cogeneration topping cycle. Boiler fuel may be wood chips or bio-oil. Bio-oil could also be used by existing boilers and storage tanks with minimal modifications. Gasification of solid biomass produces a fuel gas by heating the feed material in a vessel, sometimes with the addition oxygen and or water (Figure A-5). Decomposition reactions take place that produce a mixture of hydrogen and CO, along with water, methane, and CO 2 . Anaerobic digestion of wet feedstocks to produce methane gas was considered, but no cost-effective systems were identified for LPOE sites. Unlike the other renewable energy technologies considered in this report, on-site use of biomass resources involves atmospheric emissions, solid waste residues (ash), and possible water-borne wastes. It may be expected, however, that emissions from a gasification operation could be no worse than those of a directburn operation. 46
Figure A-5: Biomass-fueled gasifier and boiler Several technologies are available to convert biomass feedstocks into heat and electricity. These include direct combustion, gasification, and liquefaction of solid biomass and anaerobic digestion of liquid biomass. In this study, we considered combustion or gasification and combustion of dry biomass feedstocks such as wood mill waste available in the area. Dry sources of waste from the LPOE site itself may also be considered if the site were to include an inventory of waste streams, such as waste pallets or tree trimmings. Anaerobic digestion of wet feedstocks is considered in this analysis to produce methane gas. Wet waste streams include confined animal waste from surrounding areas. A.2.3.1 Biomass Resource Data Biomass fuel resources available at each LPOE site were not provided by <strong>GSA</strong>. Biomass resources considered from surrounding areas include: Crop Residues (Dry Tonnes/Year) The following crops were included in this analysis: corn, wheat, soybeans, cotton, sorghum, barley, oats, rice, rye, canola, dry edible beans, dry edible peas, peanuts, potatoes, safflower, sunflower, sugarcane, and flaxseed. The quantities of crop residues that can be available in each county are estimated using total grain production, crop to residue ratio, moisture content, and taking into consideration the amount of residue left on the field for soil protection, grazing, and other agricultural activities from USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2002 data. [ref. 1] 47
Page 1 and 2: Appendix A. Detailed Methodology A.
Page 3 and 4: Initial cost, efficiency, and opera
Page 5 and 6: Table A-1: Characteristics of Dayli
Page 7 and 8: Table A-2: Illuminance Information
Page 9 and 10: Table A-2: Illuminance Information
Page 12 and 13: Table A-3: Characteristics of Wind
Page 14 and 15: Table A-4: Land Required and Land A
Page 16 and 17: Table A-4: Land Required and Land A
Page 20 and 21: Orchard and Grape (Dry Tonnes/Year)
Page 22 and 23: A.2.3.2 Technology Characteristics
Page 24 and 25: three systems and costs are, theref
Page 26 and 27: These systems offer lower electrica
Page 28 and 29: not accounted for in this analysis
Page 30 and 31: Table A-7: Additional Information f
Page 32 and 33: Table A-7: Additional Information f
Page 34 and 35: Solar Resources The solar resource
Page 36 and 37: of the wall admits fresh air withou
Page 38 and 39: The size of a solar ventilation air
Page 40 and 41: Figure A-13: Typical solar water he
Page 42 and 43: Suggested size for the solar water
Page 44 and 45: other with an embedded conductor wi
Page 46 and 47: System efficiency is taken to be 77
Page 48 and 49: Since the system has moving parts,
Page 50 and 51: Table A-13: Location and Size of th
Page 56 and 57: Table A-14: Base Case Electricity C
Page 58 and 59: Table A-14: Base Case Electricity C
Page 60 and 61: Table A-15: Base Case Oil Consumpti
Page 62 and 63: Table A-16: Base Case Natural Gas C
Page 64 and 65: Geographical Information System (GI
Page 66 and 67: Table A-17: RE Resource Information
Page 68 and 69:
Table A-17: RE Resource Information
Page 70 and 71:
Table A-18: City Cost Adjustments f
Page 72 and 73:
Table A-18: City Cost Adjustments f
Page 74 and 75:
Figure A-20: Illustration of the so
Page 76 and 77:
Kenneth Ward, WA Blaine, WA Blaine,
Page 78 and 79:
Table B-2: RE Use as Percentage of
Page 80 and 81:
Table B-2: RE Use as Percentage of
Page 82 and 83:
Table B-4: CO 2 Avoided with RE Sol
Page 84 and 85:
Table B-4: CO 2 Avoided by Site (wi
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B.3 Initial Cost Initial cost of $0
Page 88 and 89:
Table B-6: Initial Costs for RE Tec
Page 90 and 91:
Table B-6: Initial Costs for RE Tec
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Table B-8: Fuel Escalation Rates Us
Page 94 and 95:
Table B-10: Life-Cycle Costs for RE
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Table B-10: Life-Cycle Costs for RE
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Table B-11: RE Solutions that Minim
Page 100 and 101:
Table B-11: RE Solutions that Minim
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Table B-12: Daylighting Calculation
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Table B-12: Daylighting Calculation
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Table B-13: Wind Energy Calculation
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Table B-13: Wind Energy Calculation
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Table B-14: Calculations for Biomas
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Table B-16: Details of Solar Ventil
Page 118 and 119:
Table B-16: Details of Solar Ventil
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Table B-17: Details of Solar Water
Page 122 and 123:
Table B-17: Details of Solar Water
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LPOE Site Name Table B-18: Return o
Page 126 and 127:
The following LPOE Sites did not ha
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Appendix C. Results of Life-Cycle C
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type of arrangement the customer pa
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Table C-1: Initial Cost of RE Techn
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Table C-1: Initial Cost of RE Techn
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Table C-2: Size of RE Technology th
Page 138 and 139:
Table C-2: Size of RE Technology th
Page 140 and 141:
Table C-4: Return on Investment for
Page 142 and 143:
Table C-4: Return on Investment for
Page 144:
[13] Emissions from Integrated MSW
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Appendices - GSA

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