Appendices - GSA

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NREL provided site-specific resource and incentive information from its GIS database of solar, wind, weather, and biomass resources [ref. 1]. Platts, Inc. databases detailed local energy costs and wholesale power costs. The Study employed simple annual-average algorithms to calculate energy delivery as a function of RE resources based on efficiency models. It calculated associated energy cost savings based on energy use and cost information for each site. Energy performance and cost savings were also based on NREL’s experience with the technologies gained through other analyses. It used DOE’s multipliers for CO 2 emissions per kWh of electricity-use for each location, and it used a standard multiplier for CO 2 emissions per therm of natural gas consumption for all locations. The Study estimated the installed cost, including incentive timeframe and tax depreciation, by using the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) database maintained by the University of North Carolina. It incorporated the effects of incentives that may be available at each location from state governments, utilities, and others. It assumes a typical corporate tax liability structure in the 35 percent tax bracket for estimating the effects of business investment tax credit and accelerated depreciation. It makes these assumptions because <strong>GSA</strong> cannot directly utilize tax incentives but can benefit indirectly from pass-through cost savings. Economic Factors In the life-cycle cost analysis, NREL used a discount rate of 4.6 percent to represent the time-value of money, consistent with rates published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for federal analysis [ref. 2]. It used the same publication, Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, for other parameters used in the economic analysis, such as fuel escalation rate and general inflation rate. The life-cycle analysis time period is 25 years because that is the maximum allowed by 10CFR436 for electrical and mechanical measures, and we expect these systems to last that long. In order to model costs which are not constant from year to year, such as accelerated depreciation, the Study used a 25-year cash flow analysis. The Study calculated a life-cycle cost of all RE technologies combined at a site, but also reports payback period as figures-of-merit to assess cost-effectiveness of each individual technology. Other results include ROI and RE use as percentage of total energy use for each site. 30
Initial cost, efficiency, and operation and maintenance cost for each of the renewable energy technologies is characterized according to the cost and performance data reported in edition four of the Power Technologies Energy Data Book [ref. 8] and also from Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations [ref. 10]. Other sources were incorporated to establish the economic parameters for costing. The RS Means Green Building: Project Planning and Cost Estimating [ref. 7] was used for installed cost estimates with regional adjustment factors according to the City Cost Adjustments for the closest city location. However, costs vary widely for remote sites, which may introduce some error. The study estimated the size, cost, savings, and payback period for each technology at each location. For sites identified as most promising in this analysis and prior to any implementation, <strong>GSA</strong> must conduct a detailed engineering technical and economic feasibility study. A.2 Technology Characterizations Initial cost, efficiency, and operation and maintenance cost for each of the renewable energy technologies is characterized according to the cost and performance data reported in edition four of the Power Technologies Energy Data Book [ref. 8] and also from Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations [ref. 10]. Daylighting The term “daylighting” refers to consciously adding natural light to reduce the need for artificial light, a big user of electricity in today’s commercial buildings. A complete daylighting system consists of apertures (skylights, light shelves, and windows) to admit and distribute sunlight and a controller to modulate artificial light as needed to maintain the desired level of light for the building space. It reduces electricity use for lighting, and it requires no scheduled maintenance. However, skylights may increase roof maintenance. Figure 1 is a photograph of skylights in an application similar to the configuration modeled for the LPOE study. While this single-story industrial model is not accurate for LPOE buildings, we consider this configuration as proxy for savings available from an architectural treatment of the daylighting and controls. Daylighting was considered in the office, utility, and warehouse areas of each LPOE. Utilization of daylighting can enhance the quality of both light and comfort for the people working in these buildings. It can also contribute to lower overall cooling loads by reducing waste or by-product heat from electric lighting. 31
Page 1: Appendix A. Detailed Methodology A.
Page 5 and 6: Table A-1: Characteristics of Dayli
Page 7 and 8: Table A-2: Illuminance Information
Page 9 and 10: Table A-2: Illuminance Information
Page 12 and 13: Table A-3: Characteristics of Wind
Page 14 and 15: Table A-4: Land Required and Land A
Page 16 and 17: Table A-4: Land Required and Land A
Page 18 and 19: Biomass Energy Biomass energy is fu
Page 20 and 21: Orchard and Grape (Dry Tonnes/Year)
Page 22 and 23: A.2.3.2 Technology Characteristics
Page 24 and 25: three systems and costs are, theref
Page 26 and 27: These systems offer lower electrica
Page 28 and 29: not accounted for in this analysis
Page 30 and 31: Table A-7: Additional Information f
Page 32 and 33: Table A-7: Additional Information f
Page 34 and 35: Solar Resources The solar resource
Page 36 and 37: of the wall admits fresh air withou
Page 38 and 39: The size of a solar ventilation air
Page 40 and 41: Figure A-13: Typical solar water he
Page 42 and 43: Suggested size for the solar water
Page 44 and 45: other with an embedded conductor wi
Page 46 and 47: System efficiency is taken to be 77
Page 48 and 49: Since the system has moving parts,
Page 50 and 51: Table A-13: Location and Size of th
Page 52 and 53:
Table A-13: Location and Size of th
Page 54 and 55:
Table A-13: Location and Size of th
Page 56 and 57:
Table A-14: Base Case Electricity C
Page 58 and 59:
Table A-14: Base Case Electricity C
Page 60 and 61:
Table A-15: Base Case Oil Consumpti
Page 62 and 63:
Table A-16: Base Case Natural Gas C
Page 64 and 65:
Geographical Information System (GI
Page 66 and 67:
Table A-17: RE Resource Information
Page 68 and 69:
Table A-17: RE Resource Information
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Table A-18: City Cost Adjustments f
Page 72 and 73:
Table A-18: City Cost Adjustments f
Page 74 and 75:
Figure A-20: Illustration of the so
Page 76 and 77:
Kenneth Ward, WA Blaine, WA Blaine,
Page 78 and 79:
Table B-2: RE Use as Percentage of
Page 80 and 81:
Table B-2: RE Use as Percentage of
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Table B-4: CO 2 Avoided with RE Sol
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Table B-4: CO 2 Avoided by Site (wi
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B.3 Initial Cost Initial cost of $0
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Table B-6: Initial Costs for RE Tec
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Table B-6: Initial Costs for RE Tec
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Table B-8: Fuel Escalation Rates Us
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Table B-10: Life-Cycle Costs for RE
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Table B-10: Life-Cycle Costs for RE
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Table B-11: RE Solutions that Minim
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Table B-11: RE Solutions that Minim
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Table B-12: Daylighting Calculation
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Table B-12: Daylighting Calculation
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Table B-13: Wind Energy Calculation
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Table B-13: Wind Energy Calculation
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Table B-14: Calculations for Biomas
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Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Table B-16: Details of Solar Ventil
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Table B-16: Details of Solar Ventil
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Table B-17: Details of Solar Water
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Table B-17: Details of Solar Water
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LPOE Site Name Table B-18: Return o
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The following LPOE Sites did not ha
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Appendix C. Results of Life-Cycle C
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type of arrangement the customer pa
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Table C-1: Initial Cost of RE Techn
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Table C-1: Initial Cost of RE Techn
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Table C-2: Size of RE Technology th
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Table C-2: Size of RE Technology th
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Table C-4: Return on Investment for
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Table C-4: Return on Investment for
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[13] Emissions from Integrated MSW
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Appendices - GSA

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