Rural Development Policies and Sustainable Land Use in the ...

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30 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.1 Variables included in the analysis Variables Definition Measurement Dependent variables Livelihood strategy (LS ht ) Livelihood strategy pursued by household (livestock, Factor and cluster analysis of coffee, basic grains only, basic grains/farm worker, basic labor and land allocation grains/livestock/farm worker) decisions Land management (LM hpt ) Use of land management practices on the plot (no burning, Dummy variables for zero/minimum tillage, incorporation of crop residues, whether practices used mulch, manure) (0 = no, 1 = yes) Labor use (L hpt ) Pre-harvest amounts of labor per manzana of different Person-days/manzana types (family labor, hired wage labor, hired piece labor) (1 manzana = 0.7 hectares) used on the plot External input use (IN hpt ) Use of external inputs on the plot (inorganic fertilizer, Dummy variables herbicides, insecticides, other external inputs) Crop production (y hpt ) Seasonal value of crop production on the plot per manzana Lps/manzana, using local prices Income per capita (I ht ) Annual household net income per capita (subtracting costs Lps/person of production and livestock losses) Explanatory variables Natural capital (NC hpt ) Plot size Area of the plot Manzanas Altitude Altitude of the plot Feet above sea level Summer rainfall Average rainfall during the summer rainy season mm Soil moisture deficit in secondary season Estimated soil moisture deficit for maize production in mm secondary season, based on a model of moisture required for maize and data on rainfall, evapotranspiration, temperature, and soil characteristics (Wielemaker 2002) Soil fertility Potential maize yield under nutrient limited but not water kg/manzana limited conditions, using the QUEFTS model (Wielemaker 2002) Owned land Area of land owned by the household, either under freehold Manzanas (dominio pleno) or usufruct (dominio util) tenure Physical capital (PC ht ) Value of machinery and equipment Estimated value of capital equipment owned by the Lps household at the beginning of the survey year, such as plows, ox carts, sprayers, coffee dehuskers, bicycles, etc. Value of livestock Estimated value of all livestock owned by the household Lps at the beginning of the survey year Human capital (HC ht ) Median years of schooling Median years of schooling completed by household Number of years members older than 7 years old Household size Number of household members Number Dependency ratio Ratio of the number of dependent household members Ratio younger than 12 years or older than 70 years old, divided by the number between 12 and 70 Female household head Whether the head of the household is female Dummy variable (=1 if yes) Percentage of female adults Number of females greater than 12 years old as a Percentage percentage of total household size Age of household head Age of the household head Years Migration index Ratio of total number of months lived outside the household Index by adult household members, divided by total number of adult household members times 12 Geographic determinants of comparative advantage (X vt ) Market access Index of travel time from the center of the community to Index the nearest market outlet, using the most common form of transportation. Index was estimated by CIAT and is based on geographical distance, road quality, and slope. A higher value implies poorer access.
METHODS AND MODELS 31 Table 3.1—Continued Variables Definition Measurement Road density Length of road in the community divided by its area, km/km 2 based on data from CIAT (2001) Population density Number of persons in the community divided by its area, Persons/km 2 based on the 2001 population census (INE 2002) Participation in programs and organizations (SC ht ) Conservation training Whether any household member participated in a training Dummy variable program focused on natural resource management (NRM)/conservation during the survey year Agricultural training Whether any household member participated in an Dummy variable agricultural training program during the survey (other than conservation training) Conservation extension Whether any household member participated in an Dummy variable extension program focused on NRM/conservation during the survey year Agricultural extension Whether any household member participated in an Dummy variable agricultural extension program during the survey (other than conservation training) Producers’/campesino organization Whether any household member participated in a producers’ Dummy variable or campesino organization during the survey year Rural bank/caja rural Whether any household member participated in a rural Dummy variable bank or caja rural during the survey year NGO program Whether any household member participated in any Dummy variable programs of nongovernmental organizations Parcel/plot characteristics (NC hpt ) Area of parcel or plot Area of parcel or plot Manzanas Travel time from parcel to residence Travel time from parcel to residence Minutes Travel time from parcel to road Travel time from parcel to road Minutes Position on hill Whether plot is at the bottom, top, or side of a hill Dummy variables Slope Slope category of the plot (flat, moderate, steep) Dummy variables Land tenure (T ht and T hpt ) Percentage of owned land with Household-level variable for share of owned land with title Percentage freehold title (household level) Parcel and plot tenure Usufruct ownership (dominio util) Whether parcel/plot is owned with usufruct tenure rights Dummy variable only Freehold title (dominio pleno) Whether parcel/plot is owned with full freehold tenure Dummy variable Occupied communal land Whether parcel/plot is occupied communal land without Dummy variable formal rights Borrowed Whether parcel/plot was acquired by borrowing Dummy variable Rented or sharecropped Whether parcel/plot was acquired by cash rental or Dummy variable sharecropping Prior investments on parcel Whether investments existed on the parcel at the beginning Dummy variables (part of NC hpt ) of the survey year Stone wall Live barrier or fence Trees planted Land use in 1999 (LU hpt ) Proportion of parcel under various land uses in 1999 Proportion Basic grains Other annual crops Coffee Other perennial crops Unimproved pasture Improved pasture Fallow Forest
Page 1 and 2: Rural Development Policies and Sust
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables iv List of
Page 5 and 6: TABLES v 5.6 Determinants of extern
Page 7 and 8: Boxes 1.1 Defining “Hillsides,”
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments The authors acknowl
Page 11: SUMMARY xi the adoption of sustaina
Page 14 and 15: 2 CHAPTER 1 Box 1.1 Defining “Hil
Page 16 and 17: 4 CHAPTER 1 will allow Honduras to
Page 18 and 19: 6 CHAPTER 1 In addition to providin
Page 20 and 21: 8 CHAPTER 1 econometric analysis to
Page 22 and 23: 10 CHAPTER 2 1998 and the coffee cr
Page 24 and 25: 12 CHAPTER 2 Box 2.1 Land Issues in
Page 26 and 27: 14 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.3 Yield of pri
Page 28 and 29: 16 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.7 Intersectora
Page 30 and 31: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Terms of tr
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 3 Methods and Models In thi
Page 34 and 35: 22 CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1 Sustainable
Page 36 and 37: 24 CHAPTER 3 financial organization
Page 38 and 39: 26 CHAPTER 3 decide the number of c
Page 40 and 41: 28 CHAPTER 3 The reduced form versi
Page 44 and 45: 32 CHAPTER 3 of years of formal sch
Page 46 and 47: 34 CHAPTER 3 Key socioeconomic elem
Page 48 and 49: 36 CHAPTER 3 although we report the
Page 50 and 51: 38 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.1 Natural capi
Page 52 and 53: 40 CHAPTER 4 Box 4.1 Remittances Re
Page 54 and 55: 42 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.6 Access to pu
Page 56 and 57: 44 CHAPTER 4 strategy (clusters 1 a
Page 58 and 59: Table 4.8 Mean household net income
Page 60 and 61: 48 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.9 Summary stat
Page 62 and 63: 50 CHAPTER 4 Box 4.2 Gender in the
Page 64 and 65: 52 CHAPTER 5 The socioeconomic expl
Page 66 and 67: 54 CHAPTER 5 explanatory variables
Page 68 and 69: 56 CHAPTER 5 technology training) a
Page 70 and 71: 58 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.3 Determinants
Page 74 and 75: 62 CHAPTER 5 the basic grains/lives
Page 76 and 77: 64 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.5—Continued
Page 78 and 79: 66 CHAPTER 5 ambiguous effects, dep
Page 82 and 83: 70 CHAPTER 5 more livestock focus m
Page 86 and 87: 74 CHAPTER 5 Geographic determinant
Page 92 and 93:
80 CHAPTER 5 when they purchase it
Page 94 and 95:
82 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.10 Summary of
Page 96 and 97:
84 CHAPTER 5 able to compensate for
Page 98 and 99:
86 CHAPTER 5 On the other hand, edu
Page 100 and 101:
88 CHAPTER 5 and wage labor. Nevert
Page 102 and 103:
90 CHAPTER 5 productivity. 62 Incre
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER 6 Summary of Findings, Conc
Page 106 and 107:
94 CHAPTER 6 zero/minimum tillage,
Page 108 and 109:
96 CHAPTER 6 Develop and promote yi
Page 110 and 111:
98 REFERENCES Boucher, S., B. Barha
Page 112 and 113:
100 REFERENCES Hornby, A. S. 1974.
Page 114 and 115:
102 REFERENCES Pino, H. N., P. Jim
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