Rural Development Policies and Sustainable Land Use in the ...

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58 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.3 Determinants of per capita income (Lps/year) OLS regression a IV regression a Median regression Standard Standard Standard Explanatory variable Coefficient error Coefficient error Coefficient error Livelihood strategy (cf. basic grains) Livestock producer b 1,623.5230* 962.5431 70.5572 2,486.5990 32.8428 454.0015 Coffee producer b 834.9165 676.4722 1,167.2600 3,829.7530 808.3107* 438.6195 Basic grains/farmworker b 1,889.3320*** 460.8879 1,330.5710 2,788.5730 788.7442*** 251.1165 Basic grains/livestock/farmworker b 430.5966 443.9107 –968.0507 3,454.0970 318.5416 268.3193 Natural capital Altitude –0.0220 0.1910 –0.0714 0.3302 –0.0123 0.0953 Summer rainfall (mm) -0.8352 0.8043 –1.6540 1.2079 –0.5768 0.4508 Rainfall deficit in secondary season 1.1220 4.8257 –2.9611 8.5114 –1.7959 3.3290 Soil fertility 0.8673*** 0.2894 1.4020** 0.5553 0.2982** 0.1281 Owned land –1.3227 14.4535 4.8662 16.3507 12.2127 17.0358 Physical capital Value of machinery/equipment (Lps) 0.0713*** 0.0211 0.0577** 0.0267 0.0517 0.0335 Value of livestock (Lps) –0.0037 0.0059 0.0014 0.0066 –0.0041 0.0083 Human capital Median years of schooling 88.4105 123.2930 176.7856 155.9783 93.6611 69.3199 Household size –127.1230 116.4705 –119.2688 125.3083 –23.7948 49.0279 Dependency ratio –870.6289** 378.4489 –1,124.4160** 544.3765 –84.1046 178.1112 Female household head –567.4572 646.6149 –843.3355 1,358.9280 176.7366 505.6722 Percentage of female adults –1,105.4710 1,527.2610 165.7526 2,046.6620 –698.0940 1,036.5910 Age of household head 5.6683 15.1803 18.3637 25.2231 –0.5415 9.3418 Migration index 1,210.7600 1,627.4030 825.1992 1,695.1420 1,099.4230 1,663.7680 Geographic determinants of comparative advantage Market access 17.8614 48.3797 53.7810 67.5680 29.2209 21.4537 Road density –111.4188 116.7664 49.0616 229.9084 52.4529 89.1523 Population density 2.0546 2.4666 3.4383 4.2206 0.1314 1.8710
Participation in programs/organizations Conservation training –251.9122 530.4491 2484.5600 1692.9270 –13.2917 419.8787 Agricultural training 3012.6150** 1375.7960 4059.9010* 2152.7770 104.0036 534.3019 Conservation extension –381.6559 787.4163 –837.6113 2557.0630 –266.3518 582.6470 Agricultural extension –686.6864 1140.0850 –1,697.7960 3771.3880 162.6620 653.2229 Producer/campesino organization 235.0905 984.0464 –4,805.9990* 2799.4580 –717.9993 512.3013 Rural bank /caja rural 176.8674 545.3354 841.3126 1450.5870 –399.1735 335.3132 NGO program 143.3106 653.4940 –1649.3890 1594.3770 567.9256 524.7513 Land tenure Percentage of land with title –157.9594 473.3970 –486.1503 881.7759 –112.2508 371.7585 Intercept 994.1077 1753.8290 –956.3957 2107.8030 739.9411 905.8188 Number of observations 342 342 342 R 2 0.3149 0.1231 c 0.1161 d Hansen’s J test of overidentifying restrictions p = 0.4719 Relevance tests of excluded instruments Livestock producer p = 0.0000*** Coffee producer p = 0.0000*** Basic grains/farmworker p = 0.0000*** Basic grains/livestock /farmworker p = 0.0000*** Conservation training p = 0.0000*** Agricultural training p = 0.0000*** Conservation extension p = 0.0561* Agricultural extension p = 0.0001*** Producers’/campesino organization p = 0.0033*** Rural bank/caja rural p = 0.0000*** NGO program p = 0.0000*** Hausman test of IV vs. OLS model p = 1.0000 a Coefficients and standard errors adjusted for sampling weights and stratification, and are robust to heteroskedasticity. b In the IV regression, instrumental variables include predicted probabilities of livelihood strategies (from regression in Table 5.1) and predicted probabilities of participation in programs and organizations from probit regressions including as explanatory variables participation in conservation training by the beginning of 2000, participation in agricultural or crop production training by 2000, existence of a producer or campesino organization in the community, existence of a rural bank or caja rural in the community, and existence of an NGO program in the community, and the explanatory variables in Table 5.1 reflecting agricultural potential, market access, population density, and human capital. The variables indicating participation in training by 2000 and existence of organizations in the community were also included separately as instrumental variables, in addition to being used to predict probabilities of participation. Full results available from the authors upon request. c Centered R 2 . d Pseudo R 2 . *, **, *** mean statistically significant at 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively. ECONOMETRIC RESULTS 59
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Rural Development Policies and Sust
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Contents List of Tables iv List of
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TABLES v 5.6 Determinants of extern
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Boxes 1.1 Defining “Hillsides,”
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Acknowledgments The authors acknowl
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SUMMARY xi the adoption of sustaina
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2 CHAPTER 1 Box 1.1 Defining “Hil
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4 CHAPTER 1 will allow Honduras to
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6 CHAPTER 1 In addition to providin
Page 20 and 21: 8 CHAPTER 1 econometric analysis to
Page 22 and 23: 10 CHAPTER 2 1998 and the coffee cr
Page 24 and 25: 12 CHAPTER 2 Box 2.1 Land Issues in
Page 26 and 27: 14 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.3 Yield of pri
Page 28 and 29: 16 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.7 Intersectora
Page 30 and 31: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Terms of tr
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 3 Methods and Models In thi
Page 34 and 35: 22 CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1 Sustainable
Page 36 and 37: 24 CHAPTER 3 financial organization
Page 38 and 39: 26 CHAPTER 3 decide the number of c
Page 40 and 41: 28 CHAPTER 3 The reduced form versi
Page 42 and 43: 30 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.1 Variables in
Page 44 and 45: 32 CHAPTER 3 of years of formal sch
Page 46 and 47: 34 CHAPTER 3 Key socioeconomic elem
Page 48 and 49: 36 CHAPTER 3 although we report the
Page 50 and 51: 38 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.1 Natural capi
Page 52 and 53: 40 CHAPTER 4 Box 4.1 Remittances Re
Page 54 and 55: 42 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.6 Access to pu
Page 56 and 57: 44 CHAPTER 4 strategy (clusters 1 a
Page 58 and 59: Table 4.8 Mean household net income
Page 60 and 61: 48 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.9 Summary stat
Page 62 and 63: 50 CHAPTER 4 Box 4.2 Gender in the
Page 64 and 65: 52 CHAPTER 5 The socioeconomic expl
Page 66 and 67: 54 CHAPTER 5 explanatory variables
Page 68 and 69: 56 CHAPTER 5 technology training) a
Page 72 and 73: 60 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.4 Determinants
Page 74 and 75: 62 CHAPTER 5 the basic grains/lives
Page 76 and 77: 64 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.5—Continued
Page 78 and 79: 66 CHAPTER 5 ambiguous effects, dep
Page 82 and 83: 70 CHAPTER 5 more livestock focus m
Page 86 and 87: 74 CHAPTER 5 Geographic determinant
Page 92 and 93: 80 CHAPTER 5 when they purchase it
Page 94 and 95: 82 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.10 Summary of
Page 96 and 97: 84 CHAPTER 5 able to compensate for
Page 98 and 99: 86 CHAPTER 5 On the other hand, edu
Page 100 and 101: 88 CHAPTER 5 and wage labor. Nevert
Page 102 and 103: 90 CHAPTER 5 productivity. 62 Incre
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER 6 Summary of Findings, Conc
Page 106 and 107: 94 CHAPTER 6 zero/minimum tillage,
Page 108 and 109: 96 CHAPTER 6 Develop and promote yi
Page 110 and 111: 98 REFERENCES Boucher, S., B. Barha
Page 112 and 113: 100 REFERENCES Hornby, A. S. 1974.
Page 114 and 115: 102 REFERENCES Pino, H. N., P. Jim
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