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Tornado 2.0 User’s Guide including Tcl files that customize the launcher or other components. If necessary, WRS Technical Support can also send out field-installable patches in electronic mail. ■ Portability: Implementing the graphical user-interface building blocks as Tcl extensions makes it possible for WRS to support more kinds of host platforms more quickly, because the transition between windowing systems (otherwise often difficult) is encapsulated into a series of well defined internal calls. Tcl is a scripting language which is designed to be embedded in applications. It can be embedded in applications that present command-line interfaces (the Tornado shell, for example) as well as in those that do not (such as the browser). Almost any program can benefit from the inclusion of such a language, because it provides a way for users to combine the program’s features in new and unforeseen ways to meet their own needs. Many programs implement a command-line interface that is unique to the particular application. However, application-specific command line interfaces often have weak languages. Tcl holds some promise of unifying application command languages. This has an additional benefit: the more programs use a common language, the easier it is for everyone to learn to use each additional program that incorporates the language. To encourage widespread adoption, John Ousterhout (the creator of Tcl) has placed the language and its implementation in the public domain. Tk is often mentioned in conjunction with Tcl. Tk is a graphics library that extends Tcl with graphical-interface facilities. Tornado does not currently use Tk, but you may find Tk useful for your own Tcl applications. B.2 A Taste of Tcl Tcl represents all data as ordinary text strings. As you might expect, the stringhandling features of Tcl are particularly strong. However, Tcl also provides a full complement of C-like arithmetic operators to manipulate strings that represent numbers. The examples in the following sections exhibit some of the fundamental mechanisms of the Tcl language, in order to provide some of the flavor of working in Tcl. However, this is only an introduction. For documentation on all Tcl interfaces in Tornado (as well as on C interfaces), see the Tornado API Guide from Wind River Systems. 318
B Tcl For the Tcl language itself, the following generally available books are helpful: ■ ■ Ousterhout, John K.: Tcl and the Tk Toolkit (Addison-Wesley, 1994) – The definitive book on Tcl, written by its creator. Welch, Brent: Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk (Prentice Hall, 1995) – Useful both as a quick Tcl reference and as a tutorial. B B.2.1 Tcl Variables The Tcl set command defines variables. Its result is the current value of the variable, as shown in the following examples: Table B-1 Setting Tcl Variables Tcl Expression Result set num 6 6 set y hello set z "hello world" set t $z set u "$z $y" hello hello world hello world hello world hello set v {$z $y} $z $y The expressions above also illustrate the use of some special characters in Tcl: SPACE Spaces normally separate single words, or tokens, each of which is a syntactic unit in Tcl expressions. " … " A pair of double quotes groups the enclosed string, including spaces, into a single token. $vname The $ character normally introduces a variable reference. A token $vname (either not surrounded by quotes, or inside double quotes) substitutes the value of the variable named vname. { … } Curly braces are a stronger form of quoting. They group the enclosed string into a single token, and also prevent any substitutions in that string. For 319
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C Tornado Tools Reference EXAMPLE R
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E X Resources E.1 Predefined X Reso
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Index Symbols ? (C/Tcl interpreter
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Index assembler options, specifying
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Index creating 100 linking 103 open
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Index info command (CrossWind) 258
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