Use of Models and Facility-Level Data in Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Use of Models and Facility-Level Data in Greenhouse Gas Inventories Table 1: Ratios of hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon atoms for different fuel types Fuel (m) Chemical formula Ratio of hydrogen to carbon Ratio of oxygen to carbon Gasoline [CH 1.8] x r H:C=1.80 r O:C=0.0 Diesel [CH 2] x r H:C=2.00 r O:C=0.0 Ethanol C 2H 5OH r H:C=3.00 r O:C=0.5 Natural Gas CH 4 (95%)- C 2H 6 (5%) r H:C=3.90 r O:C=0.0 CH 4 (85%)- C 2H 6 (15%) r H:C=3.74 r O:C=0.0 LPG Fuel A C 3H 8 (50%)-C 4H 10 (50%) r H:C=2.57 r O:C=0.0 LPG Fuel B C 3H 8 (85%)-C 4H 10 (15%) r H:C=2.63 r O:C=0.0 The calculation of N 2O, NH 3 and CH 4 emissions is based on cold urban (e COLD), and hot urban, rural and highway emission factors (e HOT), which are provided per vehicle type and technology level. In order to apply the methodology, it is first checked whether the mileage fraction driven at thermally non-stabilised engine conditions (β-parameter) exceeds the mileage share attributed to urban conditions (S URBAN). For each vehicle category j, and pollutant i (i = CH 4, N 2O) the calculation takes the form presented in the following algorithm. In that, N represents the number of vehicles of type j which are driven for M km per year If β i, j > S URBAN; j E COLD URBAN; i, j= β i,j × N j × M j × e COLD URBAN; i, j E COLD RURAL; i, j = 0 E HOT URBAN; i, j = 0 E HOT RURAL; i, j = [S RURAL; j – (β i,j – S URBAN; j)] × N j × M j × e HOT RURAL; i, j E HOT HIGHWAY; i, j = S HIGHWAY; j × N j × M j × e HOT HIGHWAY; i, j Else if β i, j
Use of Models and Facility-Level Data in Greenhouse Gas Inventories Benefits Use of the COPERT 4 software and methodology can provide a number of benefits to the user, while compiling the submission of an official inventory in the framework of UNFCCC. In particular, use of the software allows to store and calculate activity data and emissions over a time series within a single file. This means that when input data have been introduced then calculations can take place with the click of a button. This is particularly beneficial in cases where there is a change in the methodology or an emission factor because all years can be automatically updated with the new emission factor. The software also provides a graphical user interface that allows the user to easily manipulate the data and import from/to MS Excel. Finally the software allows to export results directly to CRF (XML) format that can then be directly used for submission. As regards the benefits offered by the methodology, COPERT includes the methods and the emission factors to calculate emissions practically from all popular vehicle types and technologies, accounting for more than 99.7% of GHG emissions from road transport (urea and lube-oil CO 2 not yet included). It correctly distinguishes between diesel and biodiesel in order to report CO 2 emissions on the basis of fossil fuel only while N 2O and CH 4 emissions take into account the total fuel consumed. QA/QC The development and use of COPERT software follow the IPCC recommendations for good practice. Transparency is achieved by the methodology which is reviewed by the experts in the Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections. All methodological items and emission factors are documented in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Then, calculations are checked by several users worldwide which use the software for official or private applications. With regard to completeness, the software calculates emissions of CO 2, CH 4 and N 2O which correspond to more than 99.7% of total GHG emissions from road transport. For the correct calculation of CO 2 emissions from lube-oil and SCR operation, a Tier 3 methodology would be necessary which is easy to introduce in a next version of the software. Consistency is by definition achieved by using a software version for all time-series calculations. The software includes emission factors for practically all vehicle technologies that appeared since 1970 to be introduced until 2020. Comparability is also easy to achieve as the inventory is structured in the same way between counties. Accuracy, although this is difficult to prove for a complete national inventory, is established by using a widely recognized method. In particular for CO 2, COPERT provides a fuel-balance check where bottom-up calculations (Tier 3) are compared against the statistical one (Tier 1). This can provide a good level of confidence to the calculations. In addition, a Monte Carlo uncertainty/sensitivity analysis has been conducted on COPERT 4 and has revealed the total uncertainty of the calculations. The report on COPERT uncertainty is available on http://transportpanel.jrc.ec.europa.eu/projects.html. Outlook Road transport GHG emissions are projected to decline after 2020 as a result of efficiency improvement measures and the introduction of new, low GHG emission technologies. Still, there is an increasing need for improved calculations as a result of the complex mix of vehicle technologies on the road today and in the future. In this direction, COPERT may assist in compiling an inventory following good practice methods. The following updates are expected in the following version of COPERT: • Inclusion of emission and consumption factors for CNG/LNG cars. CH 4 emission factors are particularly important for NG vehicles. • Inclusion of Bio-(EtOH, MTBE) to correctly account CO 2 emissions from bio-components in petrol fuel • Lube-oil consumption estimation which can be introduced as a Tier 3 method, taking into account vehicle type, age and technology. • Urea-derived CO 2, using a Tier 3 method taking into account vehicle type and technology to estimate emissions • Other issues of importance in road transport include: • Development of tiers for urea-derived CO 2 • Improve guidance for CO 2 emission factors (biofuels, oxygen content, etc.) IPCC Expert Meeting Report 123 TFI
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Use of Models and Facility-Level Data in Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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