Use of Models and Facility-Level Data in Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Use of Models and Facility-Level Data in Greenhouse Gas Inventories .Methane emission inventory from solid waste sector in Thailand using IPCC Waste Model During the past decade, the waste generation in Thailand increased from 12.6 million tons in 1995 to 14.6 million tons in 2004 (PCD, 2005). However, most of the wastes were disposed via open dumping and open burning. Only 91 out of 1,145 city districts had sanitized disposal management. In 2004, it has been estimated that 36% of waste generated was disposed in landfills. In this study, the assessment of methane emissions in the solid waste sector of Thailand from 1981 - 2006 has been carried out by using IPCC Waste Model with available waste historical and waste composition data at each landfill site as well as MCF and OX that obtained from error function analysis. The parameters of DOC, DOCf, and fraction to methane used the IPCC default values. The DOC of food waste, papers, wood and textiles were 0.15, 0.4, 0.43 and 0.24, respectively, DOCf was 0.5. The k value for each type of waste that was compiled by half-life values and delay time was obtained results from field investigations and model calibration as described previously. The k values for food waste, papers, wood and textiles were 0.347, 0.069, 0.035 and 0.069 yr -1 , respectively. The delay time was 6 months. The CH 4 fraction of generated LFG, F, was taken to be 0.5. Information including site characteristics, waste receiving rate and waste characteristics obtained from the PCD that were studied from 1993 to 2005 were used in IPCC Waste Model. The methane emission calculation in each site was separately evaluated. Methane emission from SWDS in Thailand (Gg/yr) 100.00 90.00 3 _ 80.00 a 2 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 1 10.00 0.00 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Figure 8 The trend of methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites in Thailand Notes: 1 1994 emission estimated by Towprayoon and Masniyom using the Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model (LAEEM). 2 2000 emission estimated by Towprayoon and Masniyom using LAEEM. 3 2004 emission estimated by Chiemchaisri et al. using Land GEM. The results of calculations of methane emissions from 1981-2006 are presented in Figure 8. From 1981 to 1992, the methane emission increased at the rate of about 1.6 Gg/year. Landfill practices were implemented only in big cities. After 1993, PCD promoted landfill as a good practice for waste disposal technique for the country. The methane emission increased by about 5 Gg/year. The results of the methane emission inventory show that 89.22 Gg/year of methane were released from solid waste disposal sites into the atmosphere in 2006. The majority of these emissions were from food waste, which contributed about 50 percent of the total waste emissions. IPCC Expert Meeting Report 64 TFI
Use of Models and Facility-Level Data in Greenhouse Gas Inventories CONCLUSION This paper presents field data of methane emission from different type of solid waste disposal sites in central Thailand and compared their emissions to IPCC waste model estimation. Results from field measurement illustrated that rainy season showed influential effect to methane emission in both managed landfill (5-6 times higher than other seasons) and unmanaged landfill (2-5 times higher). Application of IPCC Waste Model to the studied sites showed that, by using error function analysis, the best fitting values of MCF were 0.65, 0.20, 0.15 and 0.10 for deep landfill, shallow landfill, deep dumpsite and shallow dumpsite, respectively. OX values used in this study were 0.15 and 0.70 for landfill and open dumpsite, respectively. The half-life values for food waste, paper, wood and textiles that were obtained from this study were 2, 10, 20 and 10 yr -1 , respectively. The delay time was 6 months. Estimation of methane emissions from the IPCC Waste Model with the above parameter gave fair results compared to field measurement in many different cases including type of landfill, age and waste in place. However, sites with specific operation and uncertain operation resulted in departed value from the field measurement. The key parameters including the MCF, OX, half-life and delay time that were obtained from this study can be used as country-specific parameters for Thailand and other countries in South East Asian region with similar circumstances in the application of IPCC Waste Model. Using these country-specific values, as the Tier 2 methodology, also helps to reduce uncertainties as well as improve the quality of estimation. On the other words, the obtained MCF values also mean to the improper landfill operation in developing countries that will reduce the methane generation potential compare to the well operated landfill in developed countries. In order to estimate the size (capacity) of landfill gas recovery plant or evaluate the emission reduction in the CDM for tropical developing countries, the methane generation potential should be reduced with the obtained MCF as the reduction factor. REFERENCES Barlaz, M., Ham, R., Schaefer, D. (1990) Methane production from municipal refuse: a review of enhancement techniques and microbial dynamic. Critical reviews in Environmental Control, 19, 557-584. Bogner, J., Meadows, M. & Czepiel, P. (1997) Fluxes of methane between landfills and the atmosphere: natural and engineered controls. Soil Use and Management, 13, 268-277. Chiemchaisri, C., Juanga, J.P., Visvanathan, C. (2007) Municipal solid waste management in Thailand and disposal emission inventory. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 135, 13-20. Chomsurin, C. (1997) Evaluation of Gas Migration and Methane Oxidation in Domestic Solid Waste Landfill, Master's Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology. Cossu, R., Andreottola, G., Muntoni, A. (1996) Modelling landfilling gas production. In: T.H. Christensen, R. Cossu and R. Stegmann, Editors, Landfilling of Waste: Biogas, E&FN Spon Publisher, 237–268. Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz, R. Van Dorland (2007) Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Frøiland Jensen, J. E., Pipatti, R. (2002) CH 4 Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal. In: IPCC, 2002. Background Papers. IPCC Expert Meetings on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC-NGGIP, IGES, Hayama, Japan, 419-465. Hegde, U., Chang, T.C., Yang, S.S. (2003) Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from Shan-Chu-Ku landfill site in northern Taiwan, Chemosphere, 52, 1275-1285. IPCC (2006) IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. IPCC Expert Meeting Report 65 TFI
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