paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wax, in kerosene wac measured by Tue pour point 0: i/p4°C purafiir wax n :erosene was aiso aeasureo ‘-- .—. uinr he stadard cloud point method(15). The results are given in 2 SoIubi1ir ) waues, are Given in Tables A.2.2 — A1.2.5. uthr data, a:: the soubillty of :ea-affin and micrccrystaire n 01 C. that the our eoiat is give:: in multiples of 5°C and the cloud point found to be 5—4°c bebow the cloud point. it should be noted using the standard method°. For a given concentration, the prnr — —
— - 5 The viscosity of paraffin wax in kerosene solutions was measured by aiker in a capillary viscometer. The exoerimental data were fitted to the Walther equation: lOg log (i’ +1) = a log T + ...... (Ai.3) where P is the absolute temperature in °K, i’ the kinematic viscosity in cS and a, , y csnstans. The constant y was eva’aatea y successive approximation, as outlinec. . . .• . (27) • sy . iavaes . lmcing ;ae average va.ue o’ - as Q9p), c. anc. were evauated t different wax concentrations. These values were plotted zn -. _o - z:g. •• ,- —- so taat vascost:es o: C .. . - rarain wax in erosene soi.u— tons coua Dc es,;aaatea Smoo;nes vaiues or tne viscosaty measurements oDtalnea by !aer are plottea in iig. .3.2.
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1 ci 0 Ilc (i) s_ri P4 4) •,-1 0
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ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS should like to
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46 iixperimental Results 461 IntroJ
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APPNNDICES 1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi
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the major unresolved problem in hea
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and time, fouling factors are usual
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o F-I 0 U J ,ij cn J ‘I—I F3 Fl
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—5— vary from less than 1 per c
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2.2.3 Solubility refined paraffin w
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-.9— whica is well novc condition
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— -ii — deposit. Tronov statej
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— 13 remain in solution and the p
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- iuctoov and dorov concluded hat t
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— 17 — a deporsiion ce:Ll in a
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— 19 - toat sur:ace. hjsima.a ot
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— 2 - S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,-
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and surface proueriez reapectlvely_
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- 25 - loading to a random process
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y - F’J CD:’ C) x— Dcpoit thi
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0 C 15O— 200 From ref 2 of wax eo
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0 o3 Tb 3D 0•0 L D 2 •O— Fg.2
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2 I In 0 Tot -D -D U 16H 16 20, In
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C CE) CL) CE) () .: rJ\: - . c: CD
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400 function of roughness factor. m
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— 2o — 3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI PR
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3.5 Conclusions decreases At the in
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L - A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY SOLUTIONS O
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was designed to cut off the steam s
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• saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D
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— 34 .4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution The
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sections were ke-:t the same. fosi:
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sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections h
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These fluctuations were not reduced
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ii ID XXX 9 C-) 0 (N x S x xx< 7r-
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12— -; 11L. s 10E - 9: ‘3) 0 Ru
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(1) U) C’) C) Cl) It) 0 0 0 0 ox
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f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr r
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I--i Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer r
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0 C’) R — [feat transfer resist
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characteristc does exist and is tyt
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The ziuewor in the circulation syst
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The calibrations o the tesperature
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the solution and water o::a;es thro
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‘-- 5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts with f
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two hours, the deposits were observ
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wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion consi
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-- II 1 L1 SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION
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SCAR FE 1 DEPOSITION PLATE - - 0 C)
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M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) T1 0_i c)
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C) 0 0 0 Li.] CD - 3 0 3 0 h Iii (E
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- II -fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng)
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91 9) :< C) --z 9] mc-) .;J -i ru
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.1 1• ci E 0 Ci) c) — nj
Page 107 and 108: - . O, O, I— —,-, fouling studi
Page 109 and 110: profiles at different Reynolds numb
Page 111 and 112: L Run . (°c) used to calculate tem
Page 113 and 114: Due to a concentration gradient the
Page 115 and 116: 1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[
Page 117 and 118: V 40 - 0 C—, lt! -— o. ---—-
Page 119 and 120: Li FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RAD
Page 121 and 122: — 1 7.0 0 --Tc.=10.0°C 50 140
Page 123 and 124: — -- — -——— — -—Tb =
Page 125 and 126: Z_o_—o-- 50 l0 - yX—--X— —-
Page 127 and 128: I:302 00 50 Ito -0——— ---—-
Page 129 and 130: I 50 ;) 30c’/ / C —------------
Page 131 and 132: FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE
Page 133 and 134: — 63 — 7. DISCUSSIOI 7.1 Introd
Page 135 and 136: — 65 — through it decreases gra
Page 137 and 138: For breakdown and removal to occur
Page 139 and 140: — 69 — the large fouling studie
Page 141 and 142: Increased flowrate and temperature
Page 143: — 72 — 8. ICOi’NDATTCNS It is
Page 146 and 147: EEfiDN2WON
Page 148 and 149: T TemDerature T = Average temperatu
Page 150 and 151: = :ieat eddy dfusivity = Xoent eddy
Page 152 and 153: in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr.
Page 154 and 155: Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept.
Page 156 and 157: U U F--I C) (f
Page 160 and 161: — — .‘.ti+ c:Lic gravity The
Page 162 and 163: In section Al .4 the auount of pcra
Page 164 and 165: 0 •) X S (N U ‘0 -° CD c-) ( -
Page 166 and 167: I-] H — C C) p 0’ H 0’ H CD C
Page 168 and 169: fully refined paraffin wax in keros
Page 170 and 171: — A12 — The cloud point decrens
Page 172 and 173: — A3 — Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c i
Page 174 and 175: calibration constants are given in
Page 176 and 177: — Al? — Table A3.3.1 Calibratio
Page 178 and 179: — A19 — APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’
Page 180 and 181: C NC = C C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJC
Page 182 and 183: 13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.
Page 184 and 185: TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF
Page 186 and 187: 81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.
Page 188 and 189: RUN A1C—4 TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DP
Page 190 and 191: RUN 82—6 TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK
Page 192 and 193: TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V
Page 194 and 195: RUN B7—1C TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DP
Page 196 and 197: RUN B9—12 T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC
Page 198 and 199: RUN C1—1t T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC
Page 200 and 201: PUN C2—15 TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC
Page 202 and 203: }U•” C-16 TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC
Page 204 and 205: TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V
Page 206 and 207: UN C5-18 TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK C
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14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.
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RUNJ C8-2C T[’E TWE T0 TKI (Hg) (
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TIVE M)*2 C) TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK op
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Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT
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— A23 — APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS
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T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) —I’ U
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d Average C Table A5.2 0.0452 0.025
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11.1 6.517 10.5 6.418 10.1 6.346 9.
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— A27 — Tib1e A6.2 Pun Dl .irn
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-A29- Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 ‘ Time (
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Time — A51 — Table A6.5 Run D5
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— A33 — APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAY
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— ;55 — 1.7.3 Dimensionless Exp
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— = u — u = in — + ± + + or
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I A8.21 Data 2 Subroutines usng ite
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— ALf1 — Equations L.7.4.3 and
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— A1i•3 — Lt Prorran Use The
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DIM /\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)
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C DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) REAL NUWSI INTE
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C C SUt3ROUTINE DATA INTEGER SR C C
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LI) I Li . 0 0 X .. (1•) U.. UI
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C C WRt 1E(6,’O) 60 FQR’AT(1HLf
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te 4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVIS
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C C C C C )fl:O .0 DO ‘O 1=3,9,2
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C, .4:’. 0 0 —; —s iZ fl r;
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KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.07407
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YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 39.00 1
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