paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion considered this ana usea an oxc.daton irJic.bitor i:: nis a fact a fectiag the coaparability of the ecerisenta results. Oxatzoa ci tac parazzia wax ifl kerosene SQiutloas CO OC derositia frcr.: a rcsh so.ion was, in sorie cases slighty he couc oi — 53 — .‘&ien the solution circulation systea was eniptied and &eaneó. ac. on ctc.oa. ci wax deposited could also be deternined by urea evaporating -h solvent under vacnurc or passing warn dry air over dposted wax. The iepcsi;ion plate could possibly be dried br The use of a better aethod to deternine the anount of migxzt tac recuctc.on Zn coatancaants present in solvents ana wac:es znnt c.ncrease ;:..e conparaJc._c.ty oz tac ecpeI’iaenuai resn;s,, as The use of an oxidation ibitor and/or a nitrogia blanket cible results. recuce tie proJ_en o: evaporation o: igat encs. ae use Di c.Ec. The use of a solvont with a closer bo:lang range won_c zuture wor.c., are ;ae :oowang: exists for c.ntroveaen;s .zcng the jtCSS to ce ccnsc.cerec in any Although the exuerimental systera produced results shcwing 56. :teccencatifl3 the paraffin deposition in one way or another. bottorc of the solution tank. These impurities probably affected LC1 roint fuly refined paraffin waxes would give nore reirocu— the asy::.Dtotic behaviour of paraffin deposition., considerabe scope i:aurc.ties iron the kerosene and the paraffin wax were foarco. on the greater than at _a-er tiaus altnoug’n no difereace was cetectec. in
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1 ci 0 Ilc (i) s_ri P4 4) •,-1 0
Page 3 and 4:
ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS should like to
Page 5 and 6:
46 iixperimental Results 461 IntroJ
Page 7 and 8:
APPNNDICES 1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi
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the major unresolved problem in hea
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and time, fouling factors are usual
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o F-I 0 U J ,ij cn J ‘I—I F3 Fl
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—5— vary from less than 1 per c
Page 17 and 18:
2.2.3 Solubility refined paraffin w
Page 19 and 20:
-.9— whica is well novc condition
Page 21 and 22:
— -ii — deposit. Tronov statej
Page 23 and 24:
— 13 remain in solution and the p
Page 25 and 26:
- iuctoov and dorov concluded hat t
Page 27 and 28:
— 17 — a deporsiion ce:Ll in a
Page 29 and 30:
— 19 - toat sur:ace. hjsima.a ot
Page 31 and 32:
— 2 - S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,-
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and surface proueriez reapectlvely_
Page 35 and 36:
- 25 - loading to a random process
Page 37 and 38:
y - F’J CD:’ C) x— Dcpoit thi
Page 39 and 40: 0 C 15O— 200 From ref 2 of wax eo
Page 41 and 42: 0 o3 Tb 3D 0•0 L D 2 •O— Fg.2
Page 43 and 44: 2 I In 0 Tot -D -D U 16H 16 20, In
Page 45 and 46: C CE) CL) CE) () .: rJ\: - . c: CD
Page 47 and 48: 400 function of roughness factor. m
Page 49 and 50: — 2o — 3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI PR
Page 51 and 52: 3.5 Conclusions decreases At the in
Page 53 and 54: L - A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY SOLUTIONS O
Page 55 and 56: was designed to cut off the steam s
Page 57 and 58: • saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D
Page 59 and 60: — 34 .4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution The
Page 61 and 62: sections were ke-:t the same. fosi:
Page 63 and 64: sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections h
Page 65 and 66: These fluctuations were not reduced
Page 67 and 68: ii ID XXX 9 C-) 0 (N x S x xx< 7r-
Page 69 and 70: 12— -; 11L. s 10E - 9: ‘3) 0 Ru
Page 71 and 72: (1) U) C’) C) Cl) It) 0 0 0 0 ox
Page 73 and 74: f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr r
Page 75 and 76: I--i Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer r
Page 77 and 78: 0 C’) R — [feat transfer resist
Page 79 and 80: characteristc does exist and is tyt
Page 81 and 82: The ziuewor in the circulation syst
Page 83 and 84: The calibrations o the tesperature
Page 85 and 86: the solution and water o::a;es thro
Page 87 and 88: ‘-- 5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts with f
Page 89: two hours, the deposits were observ
Page 93 and 94: -- II 1 L1 SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION
Page 95 and 96: SCAR FE 1 DEPOSITION PLATE - - 0 C)
Page 97 and 98: M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) T1 0_i c)
Page 99 and 100: C) 0 0 0 Li.] CD - 3 0 3 0 h Iii (E
Page 101 and 102: - II -fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng)
Page 103 and 104: 91 9) :< C) --z 9] mc-) .;J -i ru
Page 105 and 106: .1 1• ci E 0 Ci) c) — nj
Page 107 and 108: - . O, O, I— —,-, fouling studi
Page 109 and 110: profiles at different Reynolds numb
Page 111 and 112: L Run . (°c) used to calculate tem
Page 113 and 114: Due to a concentration gradient the
Page 115 and 116: 1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[
Page 117 and 118: V 40 - 0 C—, lt! -— o. ---—-
Page 119 and 120: Li FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RAD
Page 121 and 122: — 1 7.0 0 --Tc.=10.0°C 50 140
Page 123 and 124: — -- — -——— — -—Tb =
Page 125 and 126: Z_o_—o-- 50 l0 - yX—--X— —-
Page 127 and 128: I:302 00 50 Ito -0——— ---—-
Page 129 and 130: I 50 ;) 30c’/ / C —------------
Page 131 and 132: FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE
Page 133 and 134: — 63 — 7. DISCUSSIOI 7.1 Introd
Page 135 and 136: — 65 — through it decreases gra
Page 137 and 138: For breakdown and removal to occur
Page 139 and 140: — 69 — the large fouling studie
Page 141 and 142:
Increased flowrate and temperature
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— 72 — 8. ICOi’NDATTCNS It is
Page 146 and 147:
EEfiDN2WON
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T TemDerature T = Average temperatu
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= :ieat eddy dfusivity = Xoent eddy
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in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr.
Page 154 and 155:
Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept.
Page 156 and 157:
U U F--I C) (f
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The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wa
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— — .‘.ti+ c:Lic gravity The
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In section Al .4 the auount of pcra
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0 •) X S (N U ‘0 -° CD c-) ( -
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I-] H — C C) p 0’ H 0’ H CD C
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fully refined paraffin wax in keros
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— A12 — The cloud point decrens
Page 172 and 173:
— A3 — Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c i
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calibration constants are given in
Page 176 and 177:
— Al? — Table A3.3.1 Calibratio
Page 178 and 179:
— A19 — APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’
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C NC = C C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJC
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13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.
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TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF
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81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.
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RUN A1C—4 TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DP
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RUN 82—6 TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK
Page 192 and 193:
TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V
Page 194 and 195:
RUN B7—1C TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DP
Page 196 and 197:
RUN B9—12 T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC
Page 198 and 199:
RUN C1—1t T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC
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PUN C2—15 TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC
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}U•” C-16 TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC
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TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V
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UN C5-18 TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK C
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14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.
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RUNJ C8-2C T[’E TWE T0 TKI (Hg) (
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TIVE M)*2 C) TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK op
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Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT
Page 216 and 217:
— A23 — APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS
Page 218 and 219:
T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) —I’ U
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d Average C Table A5.2 0.0452 0.025
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11.1 6.517 10.5 6.418 10.1 6.346 9.
Page 224 and 225:
— A27 — Tib1e A6.2 Pun Dl .irn
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-A29- Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 ‘ Time (
Page 228 and 229:
Time — A51 — Table A6.5 Run D5
Page 230 and 231:
— A33 — APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAY
Page 232 and 233:
— ;55 — 1.7.3 Dimensionless Exp
Page 234 and 235:
— = u — u = in — + ± + + or
Page 236 and 237:
I A8.21 Data 2 Subroutines usng ite
Page 238 and 239:
— ALf1 — Equations L.7.4.3 and
Page 240 and 241:
— A1i•3 — Lt Prorran Use The
Page 242 and 243:
DIM /\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)
Page 244 and 245:
C DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) REAL NUWSI INTE
Page 246 and 247:
C C SUt3ROUTINE DATA INTEGER SR C C
Page 248 and 249:
LI) I Li . 0 0 X .. (1•) U.. UI
Page 250 and 251:
C C WRt 1E(6,’O) 60 FQR’AT(1HLf
Page 252 and 253:
te 4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVIS
Page 254 and 255:
C C C C C )fl:O .0 DO ‘O 1=3,9,2
Page 256 and 257:
C, .4:’. 0 0 —; —s iZ fl r;
Page 258 and 259:
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.07407
Page 260 and 261:
YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 39.00 1
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