paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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— — .LnL: fact that the fluctuations are not conatant, but coeend on the concentration, flowrate rind temperature of ue <strong>paraffin</strong> fa kerosene soluticn. sroniy suggests a real e:erirenta1 ffuct n all tac c):Deriaental results the oror in solution oulk teaucracure aiong a test nectzon are very small. Ine avergae tenjerature dror in runs 1 to 21 was, for exarnole, i.5i-C_ The accuracy of the mercury in glass thermometers used in this work was about which is 75 rer cent of 1.5400. The maximum li:ey error is uner:ore acout 15 per cent. The ogarct::mzc meai: temuerature cn.iference ifl crc experi— - - - -. _o menta_ wor rangen !rom acout 2p to p5 0. -n error o: J. C therefore not affect the temperature driving force to any great extent - The recorcun ou:Dut iron the pressure transducer pro cacuy cannot be read with a greater accuracy than 0.25 ffV :n run 15 where the Reynolds number is about 6000 the measured transducer output was accut p mV. The uotenta measurement error s taere:ore about 20 ocr cent Potential errors that can affect the heat transfer resistance are therefore present <strong>and</strong> should be considered in relation to the arrarent fluctuating nature of the heat transfer resistance - Ire vanue of tac neat transfer resistance cn ran 0;— .5 cs ao:er uran woao oe ex’ectea a; Reynclns nameer 3T 2. .rc tjon of the resaTh showed the inlet solution tenreratare tD cc hicer then :n other runs in Grour C. :ercar’ column in the tnermome;er was t was aiscoverec.. tan; cro:en arcicatanc ccc ac—a termoerarures tans gavang a a-org neat trars:er reses:arce rIot of the everall hect transfer resistance versus EeyaoThs runs 5 cc 13 in Groar k wos consr-ncccn. Se —.7.2.’. e a c-’ log—_c. -:, s
These fluctuations were not reduced when interactions between nature of e overall heat rans±’er resistance. SO±Utlon bulk temuerature control, did not affect the fluctua:ing reduction ifl ambient temmerature effects arid an imorovea Thc oDcrjmentaj results confirmed the findings of kcrü). 14 L C1cia: 5 car; X:C ted. The ;iope of the curve was found to equil urii by. amparatus. constciercia wnen evauatng tne cata from tac :ouling s;uaaes Temoerature ana :oa-’a;e measurement errors snoulo. cc asymoto-cc oehavtour CI tne hea transier resistance. xtended e-oerimental times did not produce the e:aected test sections were eliminated ‘cv running a single test section. — 140 —
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1 ci 0 Ilc (i) s_ri P4 4) •,-1 0
Page 3 and 4:
ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS should like to
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46 iixperimental Results 461 IntroJ
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APPNNDICES 1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi
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the major unresolved problem in hea
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and time, fouling factors are usual
Page 13 and 14: o F-I 0 U J ,ij cn J ‘I—I F3 Fl
Page 15 and 16: —5— vary from less than 1 per c
Page 17 and 18: 2.2.3 Solubility refined paraffin w
Page 19 and 20: -.9— whica is well novc condition
Page 21 and 22: — -ii — deposit. Tronov statej
Page 23 and 24: — 13 remain in solution and the p
Page 25 and 26: - iuctoov and dorov concluded hat t
Page 27 and 28: — 17 — a deporsiion ce:Ll in a
Page 29 and 30: — 19 - toat sur:ace. hjsima.a ot
Page 31 and 32: — 2 - S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,-
Page 33 and 34: and surface proueriez reapectlvely_
Page 35 and 36: - 25 - loading to a random process
Page 37 and 38: y - F’J CD:’ C) x— Dcpoit thi
Page 39 and 40: 0 C 15O— 200 From ref 2 of wax eo
Page 41 and 42: 0 o3 Tb 3D 0•0 L D 2 •O— Fg.2
Page 43 and 44: 2 I In 0 Tot -D -D U 16H 16 20, In
Page 45 and 46: C CE) CL) CE) () .: rJ\: - . c: CD
Page 47 and 48: 400 function of roughness factor. m
Page 49 and 50: — 2o — 3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI PR
Page 51 and 52: 3.5 Conclusions decreases At the in
Page 53 and 54: L - A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY SOLUTIONS O
Page 55 and 56: was designed to cut off the steam s
Page 57 and 58: • saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D
Page 59 and 60: — 34 .4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution The
Page 61 and 62: sections were ke-:t the same. fosi:
Page 63: sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections h
Page 67 and 68: ii ID XXX 9 C-) 0 (N x S x xx< 7r-
Page 69 and 70: 12— -; 11L. s 10E - 9: ‘3) 0 Ru
Page 71 and 72: (1) U) C’) C) Cl) It) 0 0 0 0 ox
Page 73 and 74: f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr r
Page 75 and 76: I--i Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer r
Page 77 and 78: 0 C’) R — [feat transfer resist
Page 79 and 80: characteristc does exist and is tyt
Page 81 and 82: The ziuewor in the circulation syst
Page 83 and 84: The calibrations o the tesperature
Page 85 and 86: the solution and water o::a;es thro
Page 87 and 88: ‘-- 5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts with f
Page 89 and 90: two hours, the deposits were observ
Page 91 and 92: wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion consi
Page 93 and 94: -- II 1 L1 SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION
Page 95 and 96: SCAR FE 1 DEPOSITION PLATE - - 0 C)
Page 97 and 98: M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) T1 0_i c)
Page 99 and 100: C) 0 0 0 Li.] CD - 3 0 3 0 h Iii (E
Page 101 and 102: - II -fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng)
Page 103 and 104: 91 9) :< C) --z 9] mc-) .;J -i ru
Page 105 and 106: .1 1• ci E 0 Ci) c) — nj
Page 107 and 108: - . O, O, I— —,-, fouling studi
Page 109 and 110: profiles at different Reynolds numb
Page 111 and 112: L Run . (°c) used to calculate tem
Page 113 and 114: Due to a concentration gradient the
Page 115 and 116:
1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[
Page 117 and 118:
V 40 - 0 C—, lt! -— o. ---—-
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Li FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RAD
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— 1 7.0 0 --Tc.=10.0°C 50 140
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— -- — -——— — -—Tb =
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Z_o_—o-- 50 l0 - yX—--X— —-
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I:302 00 50 Ito -0——— ---—-
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I 50 ;) 30c’/ / C —------------
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FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE
Page 133 and 134:
— 63 — 7. DISCUSSIOI 7.1 Introd
Page 135 and 136:
— 65 — through it decreases gra
Page 137 and 138:
For breakdown and removal to occur
Page 139 and 140:
— 69 — the large fouling studie
Page 141 and 142:
Increased flowrate and temperature
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— 72 — 8. ICOi’NDATTCNS It is
Page 146 and 147:
EEfiDN2WON
Page 148 and 149:
T TemDerature T = Average temperatu
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= :ieat eddy dfusivity = Xoent eddy
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in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr.
Page 154 and 155:
Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept.
Page 156 and 157:
U U F--I C) (f
Page 158 and 159:
The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wa
Page 160 and 161:
— — .‘.ti+ c:Lic gravity The
Page 162 and 163:
In section Al .4 the auount of pcra
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0 •) X S (N U ‘0 -° CD c-) ( -
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I-] H — C C) p 0’ H 0’ H CD C
Page 168 and 169:
fully refined paraffin wax in keros
Page 170 and 171:
— A12 — The cloud point decrens
Page 172 and 173:
— A3 — Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c i
Page 174 and 175:
calibration constants are given in
Page 176 and 177:
— Al? — Table A3.3.1 Calibratio
Page 178 and 179:
— A19 — APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’
Page 180 and 181:
C NC = C C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJC
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13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.
Page 184 and 185:
TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF
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81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.
Page 188 and 189:
RUN A1C—4 TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DP
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RUN 82—6 TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK
Page 192 and 193:
TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V
Page 194 and 195:
RUN B7—1C TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DP
Page 196 and 197:
RUN B9—12 T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC
Page 198 and 199:
RUN C1—1t T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC
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PUN C2—15 TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC
Page 202 and 203:
}U•” C-16 TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC
Page 204 and 205:
TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V
Page 206 and 207:
UN C5-18 TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK C
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14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.
Page 210 and 211:
RUNJ C8-2C T[’E TWE T0 TKI (Hg) (
Page 212 and 213:
TIVE M)*2 C) TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK op
Page 214 and 215:
Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT
Page 216 and 217:
— A23 — APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS
Page 218 and 219:
T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) —I’ U
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d Average C Table A5.2 0.0452 0.025
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11.1 6.517 10.5 6.418 10.1 6.346 9.
Page 224 and 225:
— A27 — Tib1e A6.2 Pun Dl .irn
Page 226 and 227:
-A29- Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 ‘ Time (
Page 228 and 229:
Time — A51 — Table A6.5 Run D5
Page 230 and 231:
— A33 — APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAY
Page 232 and 233:
— ;55 — 1.7.3 Dimensionless Exp
Page 234 and 235:
— = u — u = in — + ± + + or
Page 236 and 237:
I A8.21 Data 2 Subroutines usng ite
Page 238 and 239:
— ALf1 — Equations L.7.4.3 and
Page 240 and 241:
— A1i•3 — Lt Prorran Use The
Page 242 and 243:
DIM /\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)
Page 244 and 245:
C DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) REAL NUWSI INTE
Page 246 and 247:
C C SUt3ROUTINE DATA INTEGER SR C C
Page 248 and 249:
LI) I Li . 0 0 X .. (1•) U.. UI
Page 250 and 251:
C C WRt 1E(6,’O) 60 FQR’AT(1HLf
Page 252 and 253:
te 4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVIS
Page 254 and 255:
C C C C C )fl:O .0 DO ‘O 1=3,9,2
Page 256 and 257:
C, .4:’. 0 0 —; —s iZ fl r;
Page 258 and 259:
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.07407
Page 260 and 261:
YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 39.00 1
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