paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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c-’ 51) C) F-” ‘Li c-I, H PC;’ Fr’ Ci- (I) F.: C) 5:’i : LI F C) H F 1’’ I,’ I’ p “3 . o (‘ C-- () 1 (, L 5’i p F’ ci C’, ‘Li LI !: C) ‘ci I-” U ‘1 • Ci )-‘ CL) F” F, 13 C_) P C-’ C,) < a; ‘1 1_- C;’ C> V P C’ [‘ r Cl, “,ji C) C’ Li C) ‘3 CL C’ C,) CL C r ‘ ci- ci ‘s ‘ci cn Cf 0 Cl) Cf : c,’ 0 V c-i- U ci- ij’ “Jl ci P’ c, p1 0 C’ 0 ‘, p CT) , [F P 1—-’ I—” 5) p ‘,,. ci LI . ‘ p i- p 0 (‘o ,‘,‘ ,“, 0 C) CC> ‘ F- C: —c C: ci’ ci c-i’ ‘‘ C,, 0 P F-” < LI I” (I, P ci- (1) -‘ V C C) C) Ri , P ci- Fl ci- F-’’ (3’ I” LI Cv CT) Ii ‘—S V ‘ ‘c-I p C: I” C-’ ci P ci- C) CD 0 513 CT’ Cl) 51) ci I ci’ • , 0 CT’ 5” F’’ P Ci’ C: ci• CT) 51) LI c; 51 H’ ci I’ ‘ (I) C-i C,) 5” 1) CT) p Fl i-) ,-‘ CT,’ (C’ V >j i-El ci V ci fT C) ci V P C) LI V 51’ Fl Ci) F-” C: P ‘I 113 F:” I” LI F” ‘iT Ci- CT) CD 5’) C) ‘ p p ,> p cC F’) C) C) F) [1 C) C’ LI P 51’ H F” 5” C: C) H’ ‘ c 5’) Cv CL) , 5)3 Cv C I—” —‘ C) ‘ ? CL) Cl) C) 5’- 1”’ 0 1-’ U) ci- C’ ci 1’, 5” H p p . p 0 C) -; H’ (1’ C i 0 , C.’ • CD F C) cl 51) cC F—,’ i- -51— F-” c ‘C-’ ‘ H (I) LI ci 0 F” C: F—” Cv p1 C: Cv ç-: í’. i” CD C) C) I” H H- LI C: F3 13 F LI U) 5’’ ‘3 F-” Ci F’’ LI H H, P p p’ Cv 51 1-3 H 0 (1) U) Cl) 13 C)) c-i- (, L F—” F” P C. I-’ CT) C) • C, P’ C-’ Cl) (‘ ci’ F- 51’ C ci C;- c U- F ‘ 0 5’) F-’’ C) p I”’ ci- H LI p Ci- ci- 5’, c-C LI ‘ P F’ 5” 0 ci’ I-?, F’ C,’ F- ‘Li c-i’ CD c-i F-i i-’ 51’ CT’ C4 ‘Li H I” 5)’ ci- ci- 1)1 I] F--” 0 Pci C) ., F: ci- 51” C) F-” P3 c-i’ C) ‘ci 0 ci p F-f F-” Ci H 51’ U) CT’ LI LI ci C) Cl) C) 5-) 3 C cC- 0) 5” CT’ c’ F--: I—> C) P ‘S C?) C: 5’) F-f 5)) F-i c) H U) 5’’, C) ‘ p. c’v C, 5’?) Ci- cJ ci’ 5)) ‘1 13 5’)’ Cl) F I—” C, “ C,) Ci- I ‘ ,, Ci) C)’ I) 53 5’), r,’ ci CT) Ci) “a Li C c-i- 0 (j) F- 1 C) ‘ • ci Ci LI ‘ (13 5-’-, C) 5)’ C) V C) (1) F-’’ (1) F:, C: ci- C’ 5’’ 3 IT) ‘(ST F-’ Ct’ Ci ç’ 51 F-i ci 5’ 5-’ C; C> Cu 51, Ci) I--’ ‘Li Cl) ‘,j CT,’ CT’ 5” Ci) c-F’ ci’ C’ F-i F-i ci- 51 C ‘3 P ( Q I-] C) ci (11 LI C) 0 5L3’ ci’ C) ci cl F’ H ci- • ‘3 C,) F’ (CT ci 5’) Ci- 0 Ci) C) C: ci’ ci’ 0 F-” C) p P ‘3 Ci; C,) 511 0 Cv Cl’ (C> C) C) ci’ F-C I—” Li Ci) CC) H’ C: F’- 0 C) P ci’ (TL 51 C: (i ci’ 3 515 C,) I-,,, 0 51 ‘J F-> C: (ii 5-,’ 0 ‘3 ci LI ES ti CD U) F’ I’ ci 51 C’ C) LI CD ‘T) C: Ci- Cl’ F—” 0 1) ci’ 5’) CD ci Or’ C) 3 ci Cv 51 5” F—” ,‘ Ci F-’ ‘3 13 p. 5’) j 5’ C’?’ t’ 5” F’ 515 Ct, , 5—’ ci- c-F’ c-i- C) Li CT F---’ C) 1-” 5)) ii F-i 5° 5-’ F-” 5” c-F’ ) C) 5---’ 51)’ F-DC C) 2- (C CC> ‘ci F-” 51 ci’ C) ci U) 5) ci ‘>1 C) F-—’ H’ 51 Cv C) Co Fj p. C) Cc- C: ci C) ‘3 Cl) F-) Ci- 0 Ci) 513 ci- lj F-,) LI Ci) Ci 0 U C) ) 51 C: CD ‘3 (i P (iT S 0 CC F’ I” 5CC 5’) CD c Ci- C) F-’ p C) • 5” ‘3 513 ci- C) C) C) I) 51) F--’ c-i- CT’ 51-f Cfl L>j C’ Li F—’ cf 0 c-I- C) F-’ Cl) 5” CD c-I ‘ci F” 0 ci 0 • I-” 3 5--’ Cf F-” 51) CC, 5’) 13 ci- P 5i) l) C,, 51 o F’-’ F--) ‘3 1--’ cC c--’4 F--’ I--’ 5’?, 5’)’ C) c-i’ c-i- .3 ‘3 Q- c-- (ii C,, ‘-C p ci C> ,-c F-” F-’ ci 55 ‘3 C) CD F-s’ 5’) I] c-- CC) 13 Cv C) c-Fci ci ‘3 • LI ‘3 c-i’ 15 Cv P 5” 12 V 50 C) I>’ Cl) P Fl C? C: 5)) “ C) F-” Ci) C) 5’) 5’) ‘-_‘ Cl) C U) C) >1 Cf 5” ‘3 c-i’ i-1 ci- Cii C) O c-i’ Fl’ 0 Q ‘Q F] P 51) Cn C) CD r’. C,) ci C) (C) c-i’- F ‘ Ci- P ci ‘3 i- 0 5— C: F---’ 51 0 F-” l) ‘3 (T, c-I- F-C’ 5-’ C: V 5” cT P 1” 0 0 F-f ‘ 51 .3 F-” • 5’) ‘? 5” ci- 5’) F Ci) LI 53 C: 51 CD Cl) r’ ‘d ci CS [‘C) [‘j r-’ Ct’ U) 0 Ci) 3 eq i-’ Oq 51) ‘3 ‘3 CC) Cl) ,-‘,‘ ,, CT’> ,-‘,‘ I” LI 13 C’) ‘ 55 51 C F-” C) C) 5’ F-i :- Cv I—’) 5” Cl) ci- 5” C’ I” (C’ Ti ‘1 0 ‘0 Ci- 513’ C,’ F—” (C’ ci 511 LI “F 0 0 51 ‘3 Co I-” H’ (1) 5’)’ 0 Cv p 5’ F--’ ci- C) C) I’-” 0 Ci- 51 5”, F --‘ ‘3 CC) C’’ Ci Ci- Li C) ‘ 1-’’ 1-’ 0 Cl) : ci’ c F-s’ (‘1’ 5’) C,) 13 C,) 5, Ci- C) 5)) fT 13 c-i 51) 0 5) t C) Ci Ci T • C,, s-i 5$ Cl ‘3 “- C: I—’ 1-1, 0 C) Ci- C,, i, 53 C) C) c-I I--’ F 5” — P F-’ C) ‘I ii ‘-3 ,, F-’ F--’’ >1 • F—’’ 5’-’ , P 1-’ 1” LI Li Ci- C) Ci- Ci- I—’ 513 Cl) LI 5> Cl) 51 I-’ C)? CC’ C LI V 5-’ P P C) “' Ci’ C) Cv 5’) I--’ Ci c< 5’) F’s’ C: c C/) Ci’ F--’ Cl’ 515 51 I
The ziuewor in the circulation systeu was stear. tracec 0.555 364 —--) tion duct. The rest of the piping was 0.5 inch copper uipe (i.d. .eopper pipe. So was the Dipe on the downstream side of the deposi— The :Ji:es feeding the circulation puaps were 0.75 inch a srrer. I. staL. austin pump was fitted to the water ‘eath to act as .;ere t;en oeuween the Pers:e:: .., .. ...O j... ..,0 0... .. -.._...- -..- -- J_,_, to 1 -i Cu. 2ors.:: Piucs ware crilled into tae tatarac. etiens c..uc; nac. o en nen tatorac. sectnons aero tao c_ow area was recucec. cut to u a coper pata. Tao :aet ana ouu.et of the cezstou .-; the dowastrenu end of the duct a 2 -; 10 on area was ct c_C& -‘ -“ -. .. - , .. ... . — . F’ — . - •- -.‘•-‘ -- (‘0 ... a O s.i.) C... .. ...cO iJ..i r.. The doucsithon duet was a I x 2 cu re .f.ar channel, The daposthon and coo..ing c..ucts were uade of ?erspax. coolzng ;:ater at tao ;op ngtae i.ow arranouen; countercurrent... 2. . T..’.e s:ceruan;al so_uticn enterec at tao osuton ana tao •rt:cay n tae eeposizicn stuales apparatus as snown n ::o :egures 52..i, 5.2.3.2 an& 5_2..3. The asseu’ay was pJaco o ceposjton ai-io. coo1ug cucts and a copper plate, as sno.a: tion of paraffin wax ifl heat exchangers. The asseu’oly ccnsstac. The deposition asceubly was designec to siuthate the drcth— 5.25 Dosition assanIy ara:r..s eaca. uae crcuation systeus were zitte with a oyass anc two were gate valves and water cocks 9 respectively. Tao vaves in tae solution and cooling water circuiation ssteus —
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1 ci 0 Ilc (i) s_ri P4 4) •,-1 0
Page 3 and 4:
ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS should like to
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46 iixperimental Results 461 IntroJ
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APPNNDICES 1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi
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the major unresolved problem in hea
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and time, fouling factors are usual
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o F-I 0 U J ,ij cn J ‘I—I F3 Fl
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—5— vary from less than 1 per c
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2.2.3 Solubility refined paraffin w
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-.9— whica is well novc condition
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— -ii — deposit. Tronov statej
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— 13 remain in solution and the p
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- iuctoov and dorov concluded hat t
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— 17 — a deporsiion ce:Ll in a
Page 29 and 30: — 19 - toat sur:ace. hjsima.a ot
Page 31 and 32: — 2 - S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,-
Page 33 and 34: and surface proueriez reapectlvely_
Page 35 and 36: - 25 - loading to a random process
Page 37 and 38: y - F’J CD:’ C) x— Dcpoit thi
Page 39 and 40: 0 C 15O— 200 From ref 2 of wax eo
Page 41 and 42: 0 o3 Tb 3D 0•0 L D 2 •O— Fg.2
Page 43 and 44: 2 I In 0 Tot -D -D U 16H 16 20, In
Page 45 and 46: C CE) CL) CE) () .: rJ\: - . c: CD
Page 47 and 48: 400 function of roughness factor. m
Page 49 and 50: — 2o — 3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI PR
Page 51 and 52: 3.5 Conclusions decreases At the in
Page 53 and 54: L - A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY SOLUTIONS O
Page 55 and 56: was designed to cut off the steam s
Page 57 and 58: • saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D
Page 59 and 60: — 34 .4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution The
Page 61 and 62: sections were ke-:t the same. fosi:
Page 63 and 64: sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections h
Page 65 and 66: These fluctuations were not reduced
Page 67 and 68: ii ID XXX 9 C-) 0 (N x S x xx< 7r-
Page 69 and 70: 12— -; 11L. s 10E - 9: ‘3) 0 Ru
Page 71 and 72: (1) U) C’) C) Cl) It) 0 0 0 0 ox
Page 73 and 74: f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr r
Page 75 and 76: I--i Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer r
Page 77 and 78: 0 C’) R — [feat transfer resist
Page 79: characteristc does exist and is tyt
Page 83 and 84: The calibrations o the tesperature
Page 85 and 86: the solution and water o::a;es thro
Page 87 and 88: ‘-- 5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts with f
Page 89 and 90: two hours, the deposits were observ
Page 91 and 92: wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion consi
Page 93 and 94: -- II 1 L1 SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION
Page 95 and 96: SCAR FE 1 DEPOSITION PLATE - - 0 C)
Page 97 and 98: M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) T1 0_i c)
Page 99 and 100: C) 0 0 0 Li.] CD - 3 0 3 0 h Iii (E
Page 101 and 102: - II -fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng)
Page 103 and 104: 91 9) :< C) --z 9] mc-) .;J -i ru
Page 105 and 106: .1 1• ci E 0 Ci) c) — nj
Page 107 and 108: - . O, O, I— —,-, fouling studi
Page 109 and 110: profiles at different Reynolds numb
Page 111 and 112: L Run . (°c) used to calculate tem
Page 113 and 114: Due to a concentration gradient the
Page 115 and 116: 1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[
Page 117 and 118: V 40 - 0 C—, lt! -— o. ---—-
Page 119 and 120: Li FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RAD
Page 121 and 122: — 1 7.0 0 --Tc.=10.0°C 50 140
Page 123 and 124: — -- — -——— — -—Tb =
Page 125 and 126: Z_o_—o-- 50 l0 - yX—--X— —-
Page 127 and 128: I:302 00 50 Ito -0——— ---—-
Page 129 and 130: I 50 ;) 30c’/ / C —------------
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FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE
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— 63 — 7. DISCUSSIOI 7.1 Introd
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— 65 — through it decreases gra
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For breakdown and removal to occur
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— 69 — the large fouling studie
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Increased flowrate and temperature
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— 72 — 8. ICOi’NDATTCNS It is
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EEfiDN2WON
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T TemDerature T = Average temperatu
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= :ieat eddy dfusivity = Xoent eddy
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in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr.
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Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept.
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U U F--I C) (f
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The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wa
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— — .‘.ti+ c:Lic gravity The
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In section Al .4 the auount of pcra
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0 •) X S (N U ‘0 -° CD c-) ( -
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I-] H — C C) p 0’ H 0’ H CD C
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fully refined paraffin wax in keros
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— A12 — The cloud point decrens
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— A3 — Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c i
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calibration constants are given in
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— Al? — Table A3.3.1 Calibratio
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— A19 — APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’
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C NC = C C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJC
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13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.
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TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF
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81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.
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RUN A1C—4 TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DP
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RUN 82—6 TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK
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TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V
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RUN B7—1C TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DP
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RUN B9—12 T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC
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RUN C1—1t T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC
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PUN C2—15 TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC
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}U•” C-16 TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC
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TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V
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UN C5-18 TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK C
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14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.
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RUNJ C8-2C T[’E TWE T0 TKI (Hg) (
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TIVE M)*2 C) TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK op
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Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT
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— A23 — APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS
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T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) —I’ U
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d Average C Table A5.2 0.0452 0.025
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11.1 6.517 10.5 6.418 10.1 6.346 9.
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— A27 — Tib1e A6.2 Pun Dl .irn
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-A29- Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 ‘ Time (
Page 228 and 229:
Time — A51 — Table A6.5 Run D5
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— A33 — APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAY
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— ;55 — 1.7.3 Dimensionless Exp
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— = u — u = in — + ± + + or
Page 236 and 237:
I A8.21 Data 2 Subroutines usng ite
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— ALf1 — Equations L.7.4.3 and
Page 240 and 241:
— A1i•3 — Lt Prorran Use The
Page 242 and 243:
DIM /\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)
Page 244 and 245:
C DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) REAL NUWSI INTE
Page 246 and 247:
C C SUt3ROUTINE DATA INTEGER SR C C
Page 248 and 249:
LI) I Li . 0 0 X .. (1•) U.. UI
Page 250 and 251:
C C WRt 1E(6,’O) 60 FQR’AT(1HLf
Page 252 and 253:
te 4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVIS
Page 254 and 255:
C C C C C )fl:O .0 DO ‘O 1=3,9,2
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C, .4:’. 0 0 —; —s iZ fl r;
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KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.07407
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YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 39.00 1
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paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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