paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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—Tb=459 °C 1,0 —0 —--------O- 0 U 0 LU :) I-- - 3 Li! fl uJ I--’. 1 F— 2 10k- 0 25/.51 Tci 8.0 00 I , .[_i_ 0 500 1000 y— RADIAL [:((3 Q. 2./;.2. 1HPLRAYU1L v. RADIAL DISTANCE WHEN C 6.0 Li L.. .1 i00 2000 2500 3000 DISTANCE (pm) o Tv: = 12 00 x Tv = 15 00 AT DIFEERENT WLL TLMPERATURLS I’LL CE.iii ——T 14.0 °C
— -- — -——— — -—Tb = 16.2 °C 417 fl 0 iC — ii’ 50 40 - —- _\‘- -— —- — - ‘--—-——— S 0 0 L J 30 F- Lii ft. LI! 2 Re = 27123 0 Tw 15°C To - 6 9 00 x Tvi = 17 0 C 0 1v.’z19 C 0 ii LL.iIt1 I 1J.Lj IJ I Li 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 y -RADIAL DISTANCI: (jim) O.2./:.3. TEMPEIATURE V. RADIAL DI WhEN ‘ I/\L C = 7.0 I- -j 3000 /\T [) I FE LR tNT WA EL TEM Pr RATU H ES Pt H C EN I
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1 ci 0 Ilc (i) s_ri P4 4) •,-1 0
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ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS should like to
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46 iixperimental Results 461 IntroJ
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APPNNDICES 1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi
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the major unresolved problem in hea
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and time, fouling factors are usual
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o F-I 0 U J ,ij cn J ‘I—I F3 Fl
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—5— vary from less than 1 per c
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2.2.3 Solubility refined paraffin w
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-.9— whica is well novc condition
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— -ii — deposit. Tronov statej
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— 13 remain in solution and the p
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- iuctoov and dorov concluded hat t
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— 17 — a deporsiion ce:Ll in a
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— 19 - toat sur:ace. hjsima.a ot
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— 2 - S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,-
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and surface proueriez reapectlvely_
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- 25 - loading to a random process
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y - F’J CD:’ C) x— Dcpoit thi
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0 C 15O— 200 From ref 2 of wax eo
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0 o3 Tb 3D 0•0 L D 2 •O— Fg.2
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2 I In 0 Tot -D -D U 16H 16 20, In
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C CE) CL) CE) () .: rJ\: - . c: CD
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400 function of roughness factor. m
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— 2o — 3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI PR
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3.5 Conclusions decreases At the in
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L - A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY SOLUTIONS O
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was designed to cut off the steam s
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• saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D
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— 34 .4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution The
Page 61 and 62:
sections were ke-:t the same. fosi:
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sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections h
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These fluctuations were not reduced
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ii ID XXX 9 C-) 0 (N x S x xx< 7r-
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12— -; 11L. s 10E - 9: ‘3) 0 Ru
Page 71 and 72: (1) U) C’) C) Cl) It) 0 0 0 0 ox
Page 73 and 74: f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr r
Page 75 and 76: I--i Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer r
Page 77 and 78: 0 C’) R — [feat transfer resist
Page 79 and 80: characteristc does exist and is tyt
Page 81 and 82: The ziuewor in the circulation syst
Page 83 and 84: The calibrations o the tesperature
Page 85 and 86: the solution and water o::a;es thro
Page 87 and 88: ‘-- 5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts with f
Page 89 and 90: two hours, the deposits were observ
Page 91 and 92: wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion consi
Page 93 and 94: -- II 1 L1 SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION
Page 95 and 96: SCAR FE 1 DEPOSITION PLATE - - 0 C)
Page 97 and 98: M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) T1 0_i c)
Page 99 and 100: C) 0 0 0 Li.] CD - 3 0 3 0 h Iii (E
Page 101 and 102: - II -fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng)
Page 103 and 104: 91 9) :< C) --z 9] mc-) .;J -i ru
Page 105 and 106: .1 1• ci E 0 Ci) c) — nj
Page 107 and 108: - . O, O, I— —,-, fouling studi
Page 109 and 110: profiles at different Reynolds numb
Page 111 and 112: L Run . (°c) used to calculate tem
Page 113 and 114: Due to a concentration gradient the
Page 115 and 116: 1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[
Page 117 and 118: V 40 - 0 C—, lt! -— o. ---—-
Page 119 and 120: Li FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RAD
Page 121: — 1 7.0 0 --Tc.=10.0°C 50 140
Page 125 and 126: Z_o_—o-- 50 l0 - yX—--X— —-
Page 127 and 128: I:302 00 50 Ito -0——— ---—-
Page 129 and 130: I 50 ;) 30c’/ / C —------------
Page 131 and 132: FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE
Page 133 and 134: — 63 — 7. DISCUSSIOI 7.1 Introd
Page 135 and 136: — 65 — through it decreases gra
Page 137 and 138: For breakdown and removal to occur
Page 139 and 140: — 69 — the large fouling studie
Page 141 and 142: Increased flowrate and temperature
Page 143: — 72 — 8. ICOi’NDATTCNS It is
Page 146 and 147: EEfiDN2WON
Page 148 and 149: T TemDerature T = Average temperatu
Page 150 and 151: = :ieat eddy dfusivity = Xoent eddy
Page 152 and 153: in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr.
Page 154 and 155: Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept.
Page 156 and 157: U U F--I C) (f
Page 158 and 159: The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wa
Page 160 and 161: — — .‘.ti+ c:Lic gravity The
Page 162 and 163: In section Al .4 the auount of pcra
Page 164 and 165: 0 •) X S (N U ‘0 -° CD c-) ( -
Page 166 and 167: I-] H — C C) p 0’ H 0’ H CD C
Page 168 and 169: fully refined paraffin wax in keros
Page 170 and 171: — A12 — The cloud point decrens
Page 172 and 173:
— A3 — Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c i
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calibration constants are given in
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— Al? — Table A3.3.1 Calibratio
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— A19 — APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’
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C NC = C C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJC
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13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.
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TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF
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81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.
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RUN A1C—4 TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DP
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RUN 82—6 TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK
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TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V
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RUN B7—1C TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DP
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RUN B9—12 T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC
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RUN C1—1t T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC
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PUN C2—15 TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC
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}U•” C-16 TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC
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TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V
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UN C5-18 TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK C
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14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.
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RUNJ C8-2C T[’E TWE T0 TKI (Hg) (
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TIVE M)*2 C) TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK op
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Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT
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— A23 — APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS
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T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) —I’ U
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d Average C Table A5.2 0.0452 0.025
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11.1 6.517 10.5 6.418 10.1 6.346 9.
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— A27 — Tib1e A6.2 Pun Dl .irn
Page 226 and 227:
-A29- Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 ‘ Time (
Page 228 and 229:
Time — A51 — Table A6.5 Run D5
Page 230 and 231:
— A33 — APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAY
Page 232 and 233:
— ;55 — 1.7.3 Dimensionless Exp
Page 234 and 235:
— = u — u = in — + ± + + or
Page 236 and 237:
I A8.21 Data 2 Subroutines usng ite
Page 238 and 239:
— ALf1 — Equations L.7.4.3 and
Page 240 and 241:
— A1i•3 — Lt Prorran Use The
Page 242 and 243:
DIM /\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)
Page 244 and 245:
C DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) REAL NUWSI INTE
Page 246 and 247:
C C SUt3ROUTINE DATA INTEGER SR C C
Page 248 and 249:
LI) I Li . 0 0 X .. (1•) U.. UI
Page 250 and 251:
C C WRt 1E(6,’O) 60 FQR’AT(1HLf
Page 252 and 253:
te 4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVIS
Page 254 and 255:
C C C C C )fl:O .0 DO ‘O 1=3,9,2
Page 256 and 257:
C, .4:’. 0 0 —; —s iZ fl r;
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KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.07407
Page 260 and 261:
YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 39.00 1
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