Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept. 1960). 32. Perry, J.H., “Chemical Engineers H<strong>and</strong>book”, Cole, R.J., Jezzcn, F.W., ‘Paraffin Deposition”, (1971), (In Russian). 33. Armenski, E.A., Novoselov, V.F, Tugunov, P.1., McGraw Hill, 4th ed, (‘950). 17—24 (March 9970). Wax — Solvent Systems”, Soc. Pet. Engrs. J., - 0 - “Paraffin Deposition in Short Pirelines”, Izv. Vysak. Ucheb Zaved., Heft Gas, 9- (7) 71—3w 6. Kolesnik, .0., Lukashevick, 1.?., Susanina, 0.0., 8. Zisrnan, W.A., “Influence of Constitution on Adhesion”, 57. Parks, G.E., “Chemical Inhibitors Combat Paraffin Deposi;ion 31. Patton, C.C., Caaad, B..., “Paraffin Deposition from Refined 39. Nelson, W.L., Stewart, 1.2., “Effect of Oil on Plastic ?rcser;ies 40. Shepard, J.C., “Theory <strong>and</strong> Mechanism of :iaffin Deposition”, 41. Muravev, i.X., Osk, l.A., Mishchenho, .T., 43. McAdar.:s, W.H., “Heat Transmission”, McGraw Hill, 3rd ed., (195--). 42. Nelson, W.L., “Petroleum Refining En;ineerin;”, McGraw Hill, 44. :cezso, W.L., ‘TouTh; of Ee.t :changers”, Refiner <strong>and</strong> Natural 4. Deissler, 2.0. “Thrbulent }eat Z’ansar <strong>and</strong> frioticn in Lin, Oxford University -ress, (9959). <strong>and</strong> 13 (6), 292—298, (Aust 193). 4th ed., (9958). (1949). nd. En;. Chern., 55, 99 (1953). Oil Gas J., 58, 97 (April 4th 1960). 85—8, (1971), (In Russian). — Isv. Vyssh. Uche. Zaved, Heft Gaz, 14 (2), 12 (2), 35—9, (1969), (In Russian). Deposition” Izv. Vyssh. Jcheb. Zaved., Heft Gaz, 35. Pustogov, V.1., Federov, EE., “Role of Temperature in ;ax “Effect of Temperature on Paraffin Deposition”, of Petroleum Waxes”, md. En;. Chem., 41, 2239, Short Course, University of Oklahoma, (1958). Presence of Sumerfactants”, Heft Khoz., -8 (12), ‘-8—5, (n Russian). Digest, Proc. of first Annual Paraffin Conhro Gasoiene aziufacturer, 93 (7), 279—275, (July 995--) Valume 7, Section , Convective ieat Transfer <strong>and</strong> Passages”, HiCk Seed .erodynamics <strong>and</strong> Jet Proralsion, “Crystallization of Paraffin in Solution in the friction in flow of licuids, 238—33?, falter D.C. t,
— 81 — 46. Coulson, J., Richardson, J.P., “Chcnical Engineering”, Vol. One, Pergarnon Press, Revised Second Edition, (1970) - 47. Cooper, A., “Recover More Heat with Plate Heat Exchangers”, Chern Engr., No. 285, 280—285, (May 1974). 48 St<strong>and</strong>ards of the Th’oular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 5th edition, New York, (1968). 49. Galloway, T.R., “Heat Transfer ?ouling Through Growth of Calcareous Ruin Deposits”, mt. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 16, 43—460, (1973).
- Page 1 and 2:
1 ci 0 Ilc (i) s_ri P4 4) •,-1 0
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ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS should like to
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46 iixperimental Results 461 IntroJ
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APPNNDICES 1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi
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the major unresolved problem in hea
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and time, fouling factors are usual
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o F-I 0 U J ,ij cn J ‘I—I F3 Fl
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—5— vary from less than 1 per c
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2.2.3 Solubility refined paraffin w
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-.9— whica is well novc condition
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— -ii — deposit. Tronov statej
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— 13 remain in solution and the p
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- iuctoov and dorov concluded hat t
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— 17 — a deporsiion ce:Ll in a
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— 19 - toat sur:ace. hjsima.a ot
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— 2 - S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,-
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and surface proueriez reapectlvely_
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- 25 - loading to a random process
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y - F’J CD:’ C) x— Dcpoit thi
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0 C 15O— 200 From ref 2 of wax eo
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0 o3 Tb 3D 0•0 L D 2 •O— Fg.2
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2 I In 0 Tot -D -D U 16H 16 20, In
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C CE) CL) CE) () .: rJ\: - . c: CD
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400 function of roughness factor. m
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— 2o — 3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI PR
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3.5 Conclusions decreases At the in
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L - A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY SOLUTIONS O
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was designed to cut off the steam s
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• saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D
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— 34 .4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution The
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sections were ke-:t the same. fosi:
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sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections h
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These fluctuations were not reduced
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ii ID XXX 9 C-) 0 (N x S x xx< 7r-
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12— -; 11L. s 10E - 9: ‘3) 0 Ru
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(1) U) C’) C) Cl) It) 0 0 0 0 ox
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f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr r
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I--i Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer r
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0 C’) R — [feat transfer resist
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characteristc does exist and is tyt
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The ziuewor in the circulation syst
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The calibrations o the tesperature
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the solution and water o::a;es thro
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‘-- 5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts with f
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two hours, the deposits were observ
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wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion consi
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-- II 1 L1 SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION
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SCAR FE 1 DEPOSITION PLATE - - 0 C)
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M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) T1 0_i c)
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C) 0 0 0 Li.] CD - 3 0 3 0 h Iii (E
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- II -fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng)
- Page 103 and 104: 91 9) :< C) --z 9] mc-) .;J -i ru
- Page 105 and 106: .1 1• ci E 0 Ci) c) — nj
- Page 107 and 108: - . O, O, I— —,-, fouling studi
- Page 109 and 110: profiles at different Reynolds numb
- Page 111 and 112: L Run . (°c) used to calculate tem
- Page 113 and 114: Due to a concentration gradient the
- Page 115 and 116: 1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[
- Page 117 and 118: V 40 - 0 C—, lt! -— o. ---—-
- Page 119 and 120: Li FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RAD
- Page 121 and 122: — 1 7.0 0 --Tc.=10.0°C 50 140
- Page 123 and 124: — -- — -——— — -—Tb =
- Page 125 and 126: Z_o_—o-- 50 l0 - yX—--X— —-
- Page 127 and 128: I:302 00 50 Ito -0——— ---—-
- Page 129 and 130: I 50 ;) 30c’/ / C —------------
- Page 131 and 132: FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE
- Page 133 and 134: — 63 — 7. DISCUSSIOI 7.1 Introd
- Page 135 and 136: — 65 — through it decreases gra
- Page 137 and 138: For breakdown and removal to occur
- Page 139 and 140: — 69 — the large fouling studie
- Page 141 and 142: Increased flowrate and temperature
- Page 143: — 72 — 8. ICOi’NDATTCNS It is
- Page 146 and 147: EEfiDN2WON
- Page 148 and 149: T TemDerature T = Average temperatu
- Page 150 and 151: = :ieat eddy dfusivity = Xoent eddy
- Page 152 and 153: in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr.
- Page 156 and 157: U U F--I C) (f
- Page 158 and 159: The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wa
- Page 160 and 161: — — .‘.ti+ c:Lic gravity The
- Page 162 and 163: In section Al .4 the auount of pcra
- Page 164 and 165: 0 •) X S (N U ‘0 -° CD c-) ( -
- Page 166 and 167: I-] H — C C) p 0’ H 0’ H CD C
- Page 168 and 169: fully refined paraffin wax in keros
- Page 170 and 171: — A12 — The cloud point decrens
- Page 172 and 173: — A3 — Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c i
- Page 174 and 175: calibration constants are given in
- Page 176 and 177: — Al? — Table A3.3.1 Calibratio
- Page 178 and 179: — A19 — APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’
- Page 180 and 181: C NC = C C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJC
- Page 182 and 183: 13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.
- Page 184 and 185: TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF
- Page 186 and 187: 81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.
- Page 188 and 189: RUN A1C—4 TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DP
- Page 190 and 191: RUN 82—6 TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK
- Page 192 and 193: TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V
- Page 194 and 195: RUN B7—1C TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DP
- Page 196 and 197: RUN B9—12 T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC
- Page 198 and 199: RUN C1—1t T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC
- Page 200 and 201: PUN C2—15 TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC
- Page 202 and 203: }U•” C-16 TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC
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TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V
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UN C5-18 TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK C
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14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.
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RUNJ C8-2C T[’E TWE T0 TKI (Hg) (
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TIVE M)*2 C) TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK op
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Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT
- Page 216 and 217:
— A23 — APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS
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T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) —I’ U
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d Average C Table A5.2 0.0452 0.025
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11.1 6.517 10.5 6.418 10.1 6.346 9.
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— A27 — Tib1e A6.2 Pun Dl .irn
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-A29- Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 ‘ Time (
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Time — A51 — Table A6.5 Run D5
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— A33 — APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAY
- Page 232 and 233:
— ;55 — 1.7.3 Dimensionless Exp
- Page 234 and 235:
— = u — u = in — + ± + + or
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I A8.21 Data 2 Subroutines usng ite
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— ALf1 — Equations L.7.4.3 and
- Page 240 and 241:
— A1i•3 — Lt Prorran Use The
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DIM /\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)
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C DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) REAL NUWSI INTE
- Page 246 and 247:
C C SUt3ROUTINE DATA INTEGER SR C C
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LI) I Li . 0 0 X .. (1•) U.. UI
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C C WRt 1E(6,’O) 60 FQR’AT(1HLf
- Page 252 and 253:
te 4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVIS
- Page 254 and 255:
C C C C C )fl:O .0 DO ‘O 1=3,9,2
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C, .4:’. 0 0 —; —s iZ fl r;
- Page 258 and 259:
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.07407
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YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 39.00 1