paraffin wax deposition and fouling

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TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC OPK CPW OPT V CF/2 RF (HR) (0 C) (3 C) (0 C (3 C) (MV) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS) l.0/(Kt1/(M)**2 C) RIJN P4—8 13.25 E.9C 8.4C 43.30 41.50 12.8 o.0 0.0 1.11. 0.0 3.220 14.22 6.6C 8.20 43.60 42.00 14.0 0.Q0 0.0 1.16 C.C 3.23 15.27 6.60 8.2C 44.00 L2.5 0 14.0 0.Q0 0.0 1.16 0.0 3.9 16.42 6.50 8.CC 44.50 42.50 14.0 1.00 0.0 1.16 0.0 2.97q 18.22 6.30 7.7C 44.00 42.20 10.5 0,80 0.0 1.31 0.C 3,665 21.33 6.40 7.50 43.80 42.00 10.5 0.90 0.0 1.01 0.0 3.652 31.75 .40 7.70 43.30 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01 C.C 4.08 35.82 6.40 7.60 43.30 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01. C.C 4.063 39.38 6.20 7.60 43.00 ‘+1.50 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01 0.0 4.220 42.30 6.20 7.2C 42.90 41.30 1.0.5 0.90 0.0 1.01 C.C 44.98 4.057 6.20 7.C 43.03 41.30 10.5 o.90 0.3 1.01 C.C 3.813 57.1.8 6.10 7.70 43.30 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.0 1.01. o.c 4.075 60.0 6.20 7.7C 43.3 41.70 10.5 0.80 0.3 1.01 0.0 4.070 62.50 6.30 7.80 ‘+3.20 41.60 10.5 0.70 0.0 1.01 0.0 65.58 6.30 7.6C 43.00 41.30 10.8 0.70 0.0 1.02 0,0 3.754 6.5C 6.30 7.65 43.00 41.50 10.8 0.90 0.0 1.02 0.C 81.75 6.40 1.80 43.20 41.50 10.8 0.70 0.0 1.02 0.0 3.756 84.75 6.50 1.50 43.4 41.80 10.8 0.73 0.0 1.02 0.C P.5C 4.0C 6.50 7.8C ‘+3.40 41.60 10.8 0.80 0.0 1.02 C.C 3.556 94.0c 6.50 7.9C 43.60 41.90 10.8 0.80 0.0 1.02 0.C 3.783 iN 8’+34.c iFA’i PR 16.60 NO. RF1)INS 20
16.08 6.6C 8.2C 44.60 42.80 25.5 ‘0.70 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.260 16.20 6.60 8.2C 44.70 43.00 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.411 16.43 6.5C 8.20 44.50 42.80 25.5 0.73 0.0 1.64 C.C 2.118 18.25 6.3C 7.80 44.10 42.30 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 C.C 2.263 21.35 6.40 7.8C 43.90 42.10 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.’49 34.8’ 6.30 7.80 43.50 41.80 25.5 0.eO 0.0 1.64 o.c 2.365 35.83 6.30 7.5C 43.So 41.80 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.375 36.C 6.30 7.8C 43.20 41.50 25.5 .60 cj.0 1.64 0.C 2.347 42.02 6.20 7.50 43.00 41.30 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.340 44.7 6.40 7.10 43.10 41.43 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.361 84.75 6.60 R.CC 43.50 41.80 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.348 88.50 6.6C 3.Q 43.50 41.70 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2l0 94.00 6.70 8.00 43.70 42.30 25.5 .6g 0.0 1.64 0.C 2.356 RUN 86—9 TIME TWI TC TK1 TKO OPK DPW OPT V CF/2 (HR) (0 C) (J C) (0 C) (0 C) (‘V) (CM.HG) (MV) (MPS) PF 1.0I(Kw/(M)*2 C) 57.17 6.20 7.70 43.40 41.80 25.5 0.60 9.0 1.64 0.C 2.516 60.C7 6.40 7.30 43.50 41.80 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 238 65.57 6.40 7.3C 43.30 41.60 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.366 63.87 6.40 7.70 43.30 41.70 25.5 0.70 0.0 1.64 0.0 81.75 6.50 8.CC ‘+3.50 41.63 25.5 0.60 0.0 1.64 0.0 2.099 MEAN RE 1J313.6 MEAN PR 16.56 NO. R[,M)INGS 1,9
Page 1 and 2:
1 ci 0 Ilc (i) s_ri P4 4) •,-1 0
Page 3 and 4:
ACKC’bJLED3E.:ENTS should like to
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46 iixperimental Results 461 IntroJ
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APPNNDICES 1. PHYSICal PRSPHTIES Oi
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the major unresolved problem in hea
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and time, fouling factors are usual
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o F-I 0 U J ,ij cn J ‘I—I F3 Fl
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—5— vary from less than 1 per c
Page 17 and 18:
2.2.3 Solubility refined paraffin w
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-.9— whica is well novc condition
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— -ii — deposit. Tronov statej
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— 13 remain in solution and the p
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- iuctoov and dorov concluded hat t
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— 17 — a deporsiion ce:Ll in a
Page 29 and 30:
— 19 - toat sur:ace. hjsima.a ot
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— 2 - S * .. -, ‘.: ,- - .-,-
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and surface proueriez reapectlvely_
Page 35 and 36:
- 25 - loading to a random process
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y - F’J CD:’ C) x— Dcpoit thi
Page 39 and 40:
0 C 15O— 200 From ref 2 of wax eo
Page 41 and 42:
0 o3 Tb 3D 0•0 L D 2 •O— Fg.2
Page 43 and 44:
2 I In 0 Tot -D -D U 16H 16 20, In
Page 45 and 46:
C CE) CL) CE) () .: rJ\: - . c: CD
Page 47 and 48:
400 function of roughness factor. m
Page 49 and 50:
— 2o — 3. i3:\CGRDU ND TO TI PR
Page 51 and 52:
3.5 Conclusions decreases At the in
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L - A sz: CF Fo:;:NG BY SOLUTIONS O
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was designed to cut off the steam s
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• saLLy measures were tacen. oa:D
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— 34 .4 ‘mrii:ntal Solution The
Page 61 and 62:
sections were ke-:t the same. fosi:
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sectaon 4- at eajt tests sections h
Page 65 and 66:
These fluctuations were not reduced
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ii ID XXX 9 C-) 0 (N x S x xx< 7r-
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12— -; 11L. s 10E - 9: ‘3) 0 Ru
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(1) U) C’) C) Cl) It) 0 0 0 0 ox
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f-iq. 1.0-3.5.— Hecit trcinsfcr r
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I--i Fig. f.6.3.7. I ;ut transfer r
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0 C’) R — [feat transfer resist
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characteristc does exist and is tyt
Page 81 and 82:
The ziuewor in the circulation syst
Page 83 and 84:
The calibrations o the tesperature
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the solution and water o::a;es thro
Page 87 and 88:
‘-- 5,5 wocrinentsl Resuts with f
Page 89 and 90:
two hours, the deposits were observ
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wcr: on ara:zic: c.eposc.tion consi
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-- II 1 L1 SOLUIIOIJ C;IFCU1_/:[ION
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SCAR FE 1 DEPOSITION PLATE - - 0 C)
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M—AMOUNI DEPOSITED (mg) T1 0_i c)
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C) 0 0 0 Li.] CD - 3 0 3 0 h Iii (E
Page 101 and 102:
- II -fl M—AMOUNT DEPOSITED (rng)
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91 9) :< C) --z 9] mc-) .;J -i ru
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.1 1• ci E 0 Ci) c) — nj
Page 107 and 108:
- . O, O, I— —,-, fouling studi
Page 109 and 110:
profiles at different Reynolds numb
Page 111 and 112:
L Run . (°c) used to calculate tem
Page 113 and 114:
Due to a concentration gradient the
Page 115 and 116:
1 I C. (1.2.2.2 \1L. I .OC[FY V [A[
Page 117 and 118:
V 40 - 0 C—, lt! -— o. ---—-
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Li FIG. G.2.3./. TEMPERAI URE v RAD
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— 1 7.0 0 --Tc.=10.0°C 50 140
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— -- — -——— — -—Tb =
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Z_o_—o-- 50 l0 - yX—--X— —-
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I:302 00 50 Ito -0——— ---—-
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I 50 ;) 30c’/ / C —------------
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FIG. 6. 4.1. AN IDEEAL TEMPERATURE
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— 63 — 7. DISCUSSIOI 7.1 Introd
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— 65 — through it decreases gra
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For breakdown and removal to occur
Page 139 and 140:
— 69 — the large fouling studie
Page 141 and 142: Increased flowrate and temperature
Page 143: — 72 — 8. ICOi’NDATTCNS It is
Page 146 and 147: EEfiDN2WON
Page 148 and 149: T TemDerature T = Average temperatu
Page 150 and 151: = :ieat eddy dfusivity = Xoent eddy
Page 152 and 153: in Exchar.ge: Tubes”, Chem. Engr.
Page 154 and 155: Oil Gas J., 58 (38), 87—91 (Sept.
Page 156 and 157: U U F--I C) (f
Page 158 and 159: The o1ubi1ity of 5i/54°Cparafin wa
Page 160 and 161: — — .‘.ti+ c:Lic gravity The
Page 162 and 163: In section Al .4 the auount of pcra
Page 164 and 165: 0 •) X S (N U ‘0 -° CD c-) ( -
Page 166 and 167: I-] H — C C) p 0’ H 0’ H CD C
Page 168 and 169: fully refined paraffin wax in keros
Page 170 and 171: — A12 — The cloud point decrens
Page 172 and 173: — A3 — Tnble A2.1 Ca1culccd c i
Page 174 and 175: calibration constants are given in
Page 176 and 177: — Al? — Table A3.3.1 Calibratio
Page 178 and 179: — A19 — APPENDIX 4 THE PRDGR’
Page 180 and 181: C NC = C C REiCS EACH SET OF RE[iJC
Page 182 and 183: 13.42 7.40 7.SC 33.90 33.10 13.8 0.
Page 184 and 185: TIME TI TO TKI TKC DPK EPW DPT V CF
Page 186 and 187: 81.15 7.45 7.7C 33.40 32.70 30.0 0.
Page 188 and 189: RUN A1C—4 TIME 1WI TWO TKI TKC DP
Page 190 and 191: RUN 82—6 TIME TiI TC TKI TKC OPK
Page 194 and 195: RUN B7—1C TIME TWI TWC TKI TKO DP
Page 196 and 197: RUN B9—12 T V’E ThI TWC TKI TKC
Page 198 and 199: RUN C1—1t T1’E IWI TWO TKI TKC
Page 200 and 201: PUN C2—15 TIME T’iI T0 TK1 TKC
Page 202 and 203: }U•” C-16 TIME TWI TWO TKI TKC
Page 204 and 205: TIME flit TC TKI TKO DPK DPW OPT V
Page 206 and 207: UN C5-18 TIME TWI TfD TKI TKO DPK C
Page 208 and 209: 14.25 7.IC 10.2C 39.10 38.00 8.8 0.
Page 210 and 211: RUNJ C8-2C T[’E TWE T0 TKI (Hg) (
Page 212 and 213: TIVE M)*2 C) TWI TWO TKI TKC DPK op
Page 214 and 215: Tt’iE TWI TC TKI TKO OPK CPW DPT
Page 216 and 217: — A23 — APPENDIX 5 OALT2RATTUNS
Page 218 and 219: T—- TEI\iFERATUFE (°C) —I’ U
Page 220 and 221: d Average C Table A5.2 0.0452 0.025
Page 222 and 223: 11.1 6.517 10.5 6.418 10.1 6.346 9.
Page 224 and 225: — A27 — Tib1e A6.2 Pun Dl .irn
Page 226 and 227: -A29- Table A6.4 Pun 1)3 ‘ Time (
Page 228 and 229: Time — A51 — Table A6.5 Run D5
Page 230 and 231: — A33 — APPENDIX 7 EOUNDARY LAY
Page 232 and 233: — ;55 — 1.7.3 Dimensionless Exp
Page 234 and 235: — = u — u = in — + ± + + or
Page 236 and 237: I A8.21 Data 2 Subroutines usng ite
Page 238 and 239: — ALf1 — Equations L.7.4.3 and
Page 240 and 241: — A1i•3 — Lt Prorran Use The
Page 242 and 243:
DIM /\3.2./>. THE iJNI/E?j\I. \ELC)
Page 244 and 245:
C DF1ENSIOH VIS(2.) REAL NUWSI INTE
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C C SUt3ROUTINE DATA INTEGER SR C C
Page 248 and 249:
LI) I Li . 0 0 X .. (1•) U.. UI
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C C WRt 1E(6,’O) 60 FQR’AT(1HLf
Page 252 and 253:
te 4Z’Xt’9’911’XZ’ 3DNVIS
Page 254 and 255:
C C C C C )fl:O .0 DO ‘O 1=3,9,2
Page 256 and 257:
C, .4:’. 0 0 —; —s iZ fl r;
Page 258 and 259:
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT WALL 0.07407
Page 260 and 261:
YP UP TP Y U T VIS TC CR PR 39.00 1
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