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SUMMARY by its larger competitor. The advantage for the smaller predator was of such magnitude that it potentially enables a stable coexistence of both predators. This study contributed new insights on: (1) the species composition and seasonality of dinoflagellates and ciliates in the North Sea, (2) methodological improvements concerning microzooplankton grazing experiments, (3) the important role of dinoflagellates and ciliates as grazers and also as prey for higher trophic levels and (4) interactive relationships between microzooplankton predators. 142
REFERENCES REFERENCES Aberle, N., Lengfellner, K. & Sommer, U., 2007. Spring bloom succession, grazing impact and herbivore selectivity of ciliate communities in response to winter warming. Oecologia, 150(4), 668-681. Agatha, S., 2004. Evolution of ciliary patterns in the Oligotrichida (Ciliophora, Spirotricha) and its taxonomic implications. Zoology, 107(2), 153-168. Agatha, S. & Tsai, S.F., 2008. Redescription of the tintinnid Stenosemella pacifica Kofoid and Campbell, 1929 (Ciliophora, Spirotricha) based on live observation, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 55(2), 75-85. Arndt, H., 1993. Rotifers as Predators on Components of the Microbial Web (Bacteria, Heterotrophic Flagellates, Ciliates) - a Review. Hydrobiologia, 255, 231-246. Azam, F., 1998. Microbial control of oceanic carbon flux: The plot thickens. Science, 280(5364), 694-696. Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil, L. A., Thingstad, F., 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology- Progress Series, 10(3), 257-263. Båmstedt, U., Gifford, D.J., Irigoien, X., Atkinson, A. & Roman, M., 2000. Feeding. In ICES zooplankton methodology manual, (eds. R. Harris, P. Wiebe, J. Lenz, H.R. Skjoldal and M. Huntley), pp. 297–399. London: Academic Press. Beaugrand, G., Brander, K.M., Lindley, J.A., Souissi, S. & Reid, P.C., 2003. Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea. Nature, 426(6967), 661-664. Beaugrand, G. & Kirby, R.R., 2010. Climate, plankton and cod. Global Change Biology, 16(4), 1268-1280. Beaugrand, G., Luczak, C. & Edwards, M., 2009. Rapid biogeographical plankton shifts in the North Atlantic Ocean. Global Change Biology, 15(7), 1790-1803. Bec, A., Martin-Creuzburg, D. & von Elert, E., 2006. Trophic upgrading of autotrophic picoplankton by the heterotrophic nanoflagellate Paraphysomonas sp.. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(4), 1699-1707. Begon, M., Townsend, C.R. & Harper, J.L., 2006. Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems. London: Blackwell. Beninca, E., Huisman, J., Heerkloss, R., Johnk, K.D., Branco, P., Van Nes, E.H., Scheffer, M. & Ellner, S.P., 2008. Chaos in a long-term experiment with a plankton community. Nature, 451(7180), 822-827. Bernard, C. & Rassoulzadegan, F., 1990. Bacteria or microflagellates as a major food source for marine ciliates – possible implications for the microzooplankton. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 64(1-2), 147-155. Bresnan, E., Hay, S., Hughes, S.L., Fraser, S., Rasmussen, J., Webster, L., Slesser, G., Dunn, J. & Heath, M.R., 2009. Seasonal and interannual variation in the phytoplankton community in the north east of Scotland. Journal of Sea Research, 61(1-2), 17-25. Brock, T.D., 1981. Calculating solar radiation for ecological studies. Ecological Modelling, 14(1-2), 1-19. Broglio, E., Jónasdóttir, S.H., Calbet, A., Jakobsen, H.H. & Saiz, E., 2003. Effect of heterotrophic versus autotrophic food on feeding and reproduction of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa: relationship with prey fatty acid composition. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 31, 267-278. Brussaard, C.P.D., Riegman, R., Noordeloos, A.A.M., Cadee, G.C., Witte, H., Kop, A.J., Nieuwland, G., Vanduyl, F.C. & Bak, R.P.M., 1995. Effects of Grazing, Sedimentation and Phytoplankton Cell-Lysis on the Structure of a Coastal Pelagic Food-Web. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 123(1-3), 259-271. 143
Page 1 and 2:
The role of heterotrophic dinoflage
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“What we know is a drop, what we
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Understan
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INTRODUCTION flagellates) and metaz
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INTRODUCTION The remaining species
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INTRODUCTION Figure 4: Diplopsalis
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INTRODUCTION compared to dinoflagel
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INTRODUCTION “seawater dilution t
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RESEARCH AIMS Apart from the pure g
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OUTLINE OF THE THESIS the two diffe
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CHAPTER I CHAPTER I Dinoflagellates
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CHAPTER I Dinoflagellates and cilia
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Marine resea
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CHAPTER I counted out at 200-fold m
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CHAPTER I Dinoflagellates closely f
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CHAPTER I Figure 3: Biomass [µgC L
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CHAPTER I prevents confusion with o
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CHAPTER I Figure 6: Comparison of c
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CHAPTER I should therefore occur on
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CHAPTER II 38
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CHAPTER II ABSTRACT Grazing experim
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CHAPTER II application, the alterna
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CHAPTER II Experiment 2 Experiment
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CHAPTER II Ciliates The three most
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CHAPTER II Experiment 2 Microzoopla
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CHAPTER II Asterisk * 1 symbolizes
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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Transfer tech
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CHAPTER II bottles when siphoning w
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CHAPTER II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This st
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CHAPTER III 58
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CHAPTER III ABSTRACT Mesocosm exper
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CHAPTER III the prey (Cowles et al.
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CHAPTER III The mesocosms were stir
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CHAPTER III Net growth of plankton
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CHAPTER III prior to the experiment
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CHAPTER III incubation bottles with
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CHAPTER III Data analysis To monito
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CHAPTER III General development of
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CHAPTER III Ciliate community After
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CHAPTER III Other microzooplankton
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CHAPTER III Microzooplankton Experi
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CHAPTER III Figure 6: (6a) General
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CHAPTER III Table 3: Temora longico
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CHAPTER III Table 4: Temora longico
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CHAPTER III The comparison of mesoc
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CHAPTER III Flagellates contributed
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Page 100 and 101: CHAPTER III in words and deeds. Man
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Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER IV ABSTRACT The intra-speci
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Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER IV out in F/2 medium over 7
Page 116 and 117: CHAPTER IV the same patterns in G.
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Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER IV (24, 48, 72 hours of inc
Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER IV Growth response of G. do
Page 126 and 127: CHAPTER IV due to pre-conditioning
Page 128 and 129: CHAPTER IV This was also confirmed
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Page 132 and 133: DISCUSSION described by competition
Page 134 and 135: DISCUSSION to know who they are. Th
Page 136 and 137: DISCUSSION Microzooplankton grazers
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Page 140 and 141: DISCUSSION 1986, Tillmann, 2004) co
Page 142 and 143: DISCUSSION To my knowledge similar
Page 144 and 145: DISCUSSION transported around the w
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Page 150 and 151: REFERENCES Buskey, E.J. & Stoecker,
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCES Gentsch, E., Kreibich, T
Page 154 and 155: REFERENCES Jeong, H.J., Yoo, Y.D.,
Page 156 and 157: REFERENCES Montagnes, D.J.S., 2003.
Page 158 and 159: REFERENCES Rose, J.M. & Caron, D.A.
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Teixeira, I.G. & Figueir
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