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CHAPTER III Ciliate community After a week of stability (~6 µgC L -1 ) ciliate biomass increased at rates of around 0.36 d -1 from 23.03.09 onwards reaching a peak on 30.03.09 (96 µgC L -1 ) (Figure 4a). Afterwards it decreased rapidly to a final 5 µgC L -1 . Ciliates contributed 27-46% to the total microzooplankton biomass and dominated the bloom (up to 78%). A clear succession was found in the community. Until the end of March Strombidium spp. (S. capitatum, S. cf. emergens, S. cf. epidemum, Laboea strobila, Tontonia gracillima and others) dominated. The most important species was S. capitatum contributing 92% to the strombidiids and 64% to the total ciliate biomass at the ciliate peak. Co-occurring strobilids (Rimostrombidium sp., Lohmanniella oviformis, Leegaardiella sp., Strombidinopsis sp. and others) contributed 6-21% to the ciliate biomass until the 31.03.09. After the maximum both genera declined to values below 5% of total ciliate biomass and strombidiids finally disappeared. Simultaneously the big haptorid Cyclotrichium sp. started to dominate until the end up till 40-67% of the total biomass. Only initially cyclotrichids (Myrionecta rubra, Mesodinium sp. and Askenasia sp.) played a major role. During the last 10 days the category ‘other ciliates’ (mainly Acineta sp. and Euplotes spp.) gained importance (up to 55% of ciliate biomass). Dinoflagellate community Dinoflagellate biomass increased directly after the start (~7 µgC L -1 ) at rates lower than those of ciliates (mean 0.15 d -1 ) but peaked already five days earlier (28 µgC L -1 , 25.03.09) (Figure 4b). During the following 8 days it fluctuated on a high level (20-25 µgC L -1 ) and declined afterwards to a final 4 µgC L -1 . Dinoflagellates contributed 21- 62% to the total microzooplankton biomass with a more pronounced role before and after the ciliate peak. Gyrodinium spp. dominated the community at 38-52% in the first 10 days and thereafter increased to 66-87% reaching a maximum of 21 µgC L -1 on the 03.04.09. Different Protoperidinium species (P. ovatum, P. thorianum, P. pellucidum, P. cf. leonis, P. bipes, P. brevipes. P. cf pyriforme and others) contributed 2-23% to the total dinoflagellate biomass. The group ‘athecate dinoflagellates’ (Warnowia sp., Torodinium sp., Katodinium sp. and small athecate dinoflagellates < 15 µm) contributed 2-19% to the total biomass until 27.03.09 and thereafter declined below 1%. ‘Thecate dinoflagellates’ (Diplopsalis sp., Dinophysis sp., small thecate dinoflagellates < 15 µm and others) contributed 27-48% to total biomass until the 25.03.09, but declined 76
CHAPTER III afterwards to only 6%. The decline in the last two groups was caused by the loss of the smallest dinoflagellates (< 15 µm). Figure 4: Microzooplankton species succession during the mesocosm experiment (4a: Ciliates, 4b: Dinoflagellates and 4c: Other microzooplankton). Mean values of the three mesocosms. 77
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The role of heterotrophic dinoflage
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“What we know is a drop, what we
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Understan
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INTRODUCTION flagellates) and metaz
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INTRODUCTION The remaining species
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INTRODUCTION Figure 4: Diplopsalis
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INTRODUCTION compared to dinoflagel
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INTRODUCTION “seawater dilution t
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RESEARCH AIMS Apart from the pure g
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OUTLINE OF THE THESIS the two diffe
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CHAPTER I CHAPTER I Dinoflagellates
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CHAPTER I Dinoflagellates and cilia
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Marine resea
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Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER I Figure 6: Comparison of c
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Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER II ABSTRACT Grazing experim
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Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER II Experiment 2 Experiment
Page 52 and 53: CHAPTER II Ciliates The three most
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER II Experiment 2 Microzoopla
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER II Asterisk * 1 symbolizes
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Transfer tech
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER II bottles when siphoning w
Page 62 and 63: CHAPTER II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This st
Page 64 and 65: CHAPTER III 58
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER III ABSTRACT Mesocosm exper
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER III the prey (Cowles et al.
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER III The mesocosms were stir
Page 72 and 73: CHAPTER III Net growth of plankton
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER III prior to the experiment
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER III incubation bottles with
Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER III Data analysis To monito
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER III General development of
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER III Other microzooplankton
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER III Microzooplankton Experi
Page 88 and 89: CHAPTER III Figure 6: (6a) General
Page 90 and 91: CHAPTER III Table 3: Temora longico
Page 92 and 93: CHAPTER III Table 4: Temora longico
Page 94 and 95: CHAPTER III The comparison of mesoc
Page 96 and 97: CHAPTER III Flagellates contributed
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER III The effort to capture,
Page 100 and 101: CHAPTER III in words and deeds. Man
Page 102 and 103: CHAPTER III Table 2 Microzooplankto
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER III Table 3b Temora longico
Page 106 and 107: CHAPTER III Table 4b Temora longico
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Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER IV ABSTRACT The intra-speci
Page 112 and 113: CHAPTER IV Hansen, 1997). In turn,
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER IV out in F/2 medium over 7
Page 116 and 117: CHAPTER IV the same patterns in G.
Page 118 and 119: CHAPTER IV Figure 1: General develo
Page 120 and 121: CHAPTER IV Favella ehrenbergii (Fig
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER IV (24, 48, 72 hours of inc
Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER IV Growth response of G. do
Page 126 and 127: CHAPTER IV due to pre-conditioning
Page 128 and 129: CHAPTER IV This was also confirmed
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DISCUSSION described by competition
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DISCUSSION to know who they are. Th
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DISCUSSION Microzooplankton grazers
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DISCUSSION Figure 1: A rather simpl
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DISCUSSION 1986, Tillmann, 2004) co
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DISCUSSION To my knowledge similar
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DISCUSSION transported around the w
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SUMMARY by its larger competitor. T
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REFERENCES Buskey, E.J. & Stoecker,
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REFERENCES Gentsch, E., Kreibich, T
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REFERENCES Jeong, H.J., Yoo, Y.D.,
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REFERENCES Montagnes, D.J.S., 2003.
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REFERENCES Rose, J.M. & Caron, D.A.
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REFERENCES Teixeira, I.G. & Figueir
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