1 (Lat. ol

GRAMMAR 27
3. The nasals and liquids had the functions both of vowels and consonants
(cp. 13, 30-3). In like manner the semivowels, w (ij) and
j (j) are the consonants corresponding to u, i.
4. In the writing down of prim. Germanic forms the signs p (
= th in
thin), tt ( r= th in then), 15 ( a bilabial spirant, which may be pronounced
like the v in vine), 5 ( = g often heard in German sagen) ,
X (
= German ch).
66. The Indg. tenues p, t, k, q became in prim. Germanic
the voiceless spirants f, J>, x, X (xw )-
p>f. Lat. pes, Gr.irou's, Goth, fotus, OE. OS.fot, OHG.
fuojj, foot; Lat. piscis, Goth, fisks, OS. OHG. fisk, OE.
fisc, fish; Lat. nepos, Goth. *nifa, OE. nefa, OHG. nefo,
nephew.
t>J>. Lat. tu, Gr. Dor. T J, Goth. J>u,
OE. Jni,
OS. thu,
thou ; Lat. verto, / turn, Goth, wairjjan, OE. weorSan,
OS. werthan, to become; Lat. frater, Goth, brobar, OE.
brotSor, OS. brothar, brother.
k>x- Lat. canis, Gr. KU'WI', Goth, hunds, OE. OS. htmd,
OHG. hunt, hound, dog; Lat. cor (gen. cordis), Gr. KapSid,
Goth, hairto, OE. heorte, OS. herta, OHG. herza, heart;
Lat. decem, Gr. SeVa, Goth, taihun, OS. tehan, OHG. zehan,
ten ; Lat. duco, / lead, Goth, tiuhan, OS. tiohan, OHG.
ziohan, to draw, lead.
q > X (x w )-
Lat. capio, I take, Goth, haijan, OE. hebban,
OS. hebbian, OHG. heffen, to raise; Lat. vinco, I conquer,
Goth, weihan, OHG. wlhan, to fight.
Lat. quis, Goth, hras, OE. hwa, OS. hwe, OHG. hwer
(wer), who?; Gr. Xci'irw (from *leiqo),
OHG. Hhan, to lend.
I leave, Goth, leiluan,
NOTE. i. The Indg. tenues remained unshifted in the combination
s + tennis.