CERN Program Library Long Writeup W5013 - CERNLIB ...

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As in the conditions (22), (23) and (24) the value of c is as minimum 4, one gets n 3 ≥ 16. In order to speed the simulation, the maximum value is used for α. The number of collisions with energy loss in the interval B (the number of interactions which has to be simulated directly) increases slowly with the total number of collisions n 3 . The maximum number of these collisions can be estimated as n B,max = n 3 − n A,min ≈ n 3 (〈n A 〉−σ A ) (27) From the previous expressions for 〈n A 〉 and σ A one can derive the condition n B ≤ n B,max = 2n 3c 2 n 3 + c 2 (28) The following values are obtained with c =4: n 3 n B,max n 3 n B,max 16 16 200 29.63 20 17.78 500 31.01 50 24.24 1000 31.50 100 27.59 ∞ 32.00 Special sampling for lower part of the spectrum If the step length is very small (≤ 5 mm in gases, ≤ 2-3 µm in solids) the model gives 0 energy loss for some events. To avoid this, the probability of 0 energy loss is computed P (∆E =0)=e −(〈n 1〉+〈n 2 〉+〈n 3 〉) (29) If the probability is bigger than 0.01 a special sampling is done, taking into account the fact that in these cases the projectile interacts only with the outer electrons of the atom. An energy level E 0 =10eV is chosen to correspond to the outer electrons. The mean number of collisions can be calculated from 〈n〉 = 1 dE ∆x (30) E 0 dx The number of collisions n is sampled from Poissonian distribution. In the case of the thin layers, all the collisions are considered as ionisations and the energy loss is computed as ∆E = n∑ i=1 3 Implementation E 0 1 − Emax E max+E 0 u i (31) The method to be used for energy loss straggling is chosen in GFLUCT. Ifδ-rays are produced (DRAY = 1) above the cut value DCUTE and the detailed PAI simulation for straggling in thin layers (see PHYS334) is not chosen (STRA = 0, default), GLANDZ is called always as it samples from the restricted distribution (the energy loss of the δ-rays which are explicitly produced should not be taken into the energy loss distribution). If δ-rays are not produced, the values of κ and ξ/I are computed, and Urbán, Landau, Vavilov or Gaussian model is chosen accordingly. If Urbán model is used, GLANDZ will be called with infinite (BIG) value for the δ-ray production. When Landau model is chosen, it is possible to use a routine from the CERN Program Library to sample random numbers from the Landau distribution : GENLAN written by James and Hancock [64] and copied into GEANT source file as GLANDG. This routine has been modified in order to reproduce the tail for large values of X. The original routine did not give values of X larger than 200. CALL GENLAN(X) It should be noted that over the years considerable confusion has arisen over the precise form and features of the Landau distribution. As an example, a simpler form of φ(λ) had been proposed by Moyal [65] and used on occasions which has little in common with the function defined in section 2.1 [66]. For the Vavilov distribution we have used the function GVAVIV by Rotondi and Montagna [67]. 266 PHYS332 – 9
Geant 3.16 GEANT User’s Guide PHYS333 Origin : M.Maire Submitted: 30.05.86 Revision : F.Carminati Revised: 16.12.93 Documentation : 1 Subroutines Information about energy loss fluctuations CALL GDRPRT (IPART,IMATE,STEP,NPOINT) IPART IMATE STEP NPOINT (INTEGER) GEANT particle number; (INTEGER) GEANT material number; (REAL) step in cm; (INTEGER) number of logarithmically spaced energy points between EKMIN (default 10 keV) and EKMAX (default 10 TeV). See [BASE040] for more information on these value and how to change them with the ERAN input record; This routine calculates and prints the relevant parameters relative to the simulation of energy loss fluctuations due to ionisation and δ-ray production in STEP cm: N d-rays dE/I xi/I xi/Emax regime average number of δ-rays produced; average energy loss divided by the average ionisation potential; variable ξ/I of the Landau/Vavilov theory; variable ξ/E Max of the Landau/Vavilov theory; valid model to simulate energy loss fluctuations. Possible values are: Gauss Vavilov Landau Urbán ASHO PAI Gauss distribution; Vavilov distribution; Landau distribution; GLANDZ routine of Urban (see [PHYS332]); atomic harmonic oscillator approximation (see [PHYS334]); Photo-Absorption Ionisation model (see [PHYS334]); This routine has no action on the GEANT system. It is intended as a help to users understanding the model which GEANT may be asked to use, for instance via the routine GSTPAR [CONS210]. 2 Method When a charged particle traverses a portion of matter, it interacts with the electrons and the nuclei of the atoms. Most of these interactions are electromagnetic (quasi-) elastic collisions in which the incoming particle loses energy in the laboratory reference frame. The amount of energy loss in a thickness of material t is subject to two sources of fluctuations. The number of collisions can fluctuate, and at the same time the energy lost in each collision varies statistically. Both distributions are characterised by a Poissonianlike behaviour. We can distinguish between collisions where the energy transferred to the atomic electrons is enough to extract them from the atoms (ionisation with production of δ-rays) and collisions where the atomic structure is excited, without a complete ionisation (excitation). It has to be noted that the energy transferred to the nuclei is usually negligible. Momentum conservation considerations show that the ratio 267 PHYS333 – 1
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CERN Program Library Long Writeup W
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Chapter 1: Catalog of Geant section
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IOPA500 KINE001 KINE100 KINE199 KIN
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Geant 3.21 GEANT User’s Guide AAA
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The routines made available for GEA
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2 Event simulation framework The fr
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GUDIGI GUOUT GTRIGC UGLAST GLAST GU
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Particles JPART Materials JMATE/JTM
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3 Summary of GEANT data records 3.1
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3.4 User applications KEY N I VAR S
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SUBROUTINE UGEOM + (’TGT ’,2,
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LQ(JHEAD-1) user link IQ(JHEAD+1) I
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Another feature which is available
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CALL GDRAWC(’OPAL’,2,0.,10.,10.
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CALL GSATT(’HB’,’FILL’,3) C
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Figure 16: Example of use of GDSPEC
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CALL GDOPEN(3) CALL GDRAWC(’ALEF
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SHAD EDGE when HIDE is ON, selects
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x1xxxx 1xxxxx add the text EVENT NR
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DRAW Bibliography [1] R.Bock et al.
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NTRACK ITRA JKINE NTRACK JK 1 2 3 4
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Computation of total crosssection o
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• the mean number of tries is not
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VECT,SNEXT,SAFETY Compute distance
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VECT,SNEXT,SAFETY Compute distance
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VECT,SNEXT,SAFETY Compute SFIELD,SM
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CALL GRKUTA (CHARGE,STEP,VECT,VOUT*
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Clicking then on the right button o
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CHUSET C “User set identifier”
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Set current attribute. 4.8 SSETVA [
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Print matrixes’ specifications. 5
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This common contains the threshold
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GFKINE KINE001, KINE100, KINE199 GF
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