Welcome to the 31st IUBS General Assembly and Conference on ...

nutrient transport of heavy metals with bacteria is
impossible. Species influence on <strong>the</strong> bioshere
geochemically. Birds carry a significant amount of organic
matter from <strong>the</strong> aquatic ecosystems on<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground. In
<strong>the</strong> North, bloodsucking mosqui<strong>to</strong>es <strong>and</strong> chironomids
dying on <strong>the</strong> ground <strong>and</strong> create ‘lift’ elements. People are
different in that <strong>the</strong>y can do this much faster <strong>and</strong> more
efficiently, taking straight from <strong>the</strong> bowels. The basis of
our civilization ‐ <strong>the</strong> hydrocarbons. With this resource we
try go out of control environmental fac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>and</strong> spend
wasteful of natural resources for <strong>the</strong> sake of ‘comfortable’
isolation from environment.
Epidemiological, serological studies <strong>and</strong>
control measures of trypnosomiasis (surra)
in camels
Muhammad Fiaz QAMAR, Sonia TAHSEEN <strong>and</strong>
Nusrat JAHAN
<strong>and</strong> recently, melarsen oxide cysteamine (cymelarsan) are
generally used for <strong>the</strong>rapy <strong>and</strong> prophylaxis of T. evansi.
The <strong>the</strong>rapeutic <strong>and</strong> prophylactic use of trypanocides is
affected by numerous limitations, including <strong>to</strong>xicity <strong>and</strong>
<strong>the</strong> development of resistance by <strong>the</strong> parasites. The
emergence of drug‐resistant trypanosome strains is
considered a very serious problem in trypanosomosis
control, particularly for <strong>the</strong> resource‐poor, at‐risk
populations <strong>and</strong> farmers in Cholistan <strong>and</strong> in parasite
control. This has increased cost <strong>and</strong> reduced efficiency of
production <strong>to</strong> farmers.
Freshwater ichthyofaunal diversity of
mountain streams: a comparative study of
two spatially isolated nature reserves in
Jiangxi, China
Maolin HU, 1 Yinlan LIU, 2 Huiming ZHOU 3 <strong>and</strong>
Fei LI 4
Department of Zoology, Govt College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Email: fiazqamar1@yahoo.com
Trypanosomosis, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, a blood
pro<strong>to</strong>zoan causing ‘surra’, is one of <strong>the</strong> most important
diseases of camels. Because of <strong>the</strong> high rate of healthy
carriers, <strong>the</strong> parasite easily spreads in various directions.
Pakistan has a camel population of about 1.03 million <strong>and</strong>
out of that 0.8 million are in cholistan. The economic
impact of surra is often underestimated due <strong>to</strong> a low rate
of detection of <strong>the</strong> infection. Economic losses are due <strong>to</strong> a
wide range of pathological expressions of surra, i.e.
mortality, weight loss <strong>and</strong> reduction in milk yield,
preciated sale or slaughtering of sick animals, abortion
<strong>and</strong> infertility, diminished work capacity <strong>and</strong> draught
powe, immune system impairment <strong>and</strong> treatment costs.
Several <strong>to</strong>ols have been developed during <strong>the</strong> last 20 years
for serological diagnosis, such as ELISA <strong>and</strong> CATT (card
agglutination test), which brought satisfying results. For
detection of active infection, PCR <strong>to</strong>ols have improved <strong>the</strong>
parasi<strong>to</strong>logical techniques. There is no effective vaccine
against trypanosomes <strong>and</strong> no sustainable vec<strong>to</strong>r control
strategies. The control of trypanosomosis continues <strong>to</strong>
rely principally on chemo<strong>the</strong>rapy <strong>and</strong> chemoprophylaxis
using <strong>the</strong> salts of 3 compounds: diminazene, homidium
<strong>and</strong> isometamidium. In addition, quinapyramine, suramin
1School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi
330031 China, 2 Nanchang Foreign Language, Nanchang, Jiangxi
330025, China, 3 Jiangxi Fisheries Research Institute, Nanchang
330039, Jiangxi, China <strong>and</strong> 4 Jiangxi Entry‐Exit Inspection <strong>and</strong>
Quarantine Bureau, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, China. Email:
mlhu1981@yahoo.com.cn
Worldwide, freshwater fishes are <strong>the</strong> most diverse of all
vertebrate groups, but are also <strong>the</strong> most highly
threatened. Nature reserve is an important asset as
refuge of rich floral <strong>and</strong> faunal biodiversity including
fishes. Of a <strong>to</strong>tal of 220 freshwater fish species recorded
throughout Jiangxi about 131 species (59.5%) are
believed <strong>to</strong> be endemic, many occurring in <strong>the</strong>
mountainous regions. Therefore, protected areas such as
nature reserves, could play an important role in
conservation of freshwater fishes within Jiangxi.
Danzhangshan (153.70 km 2 ) <strong>and</strong> Raoheyuan (115.96
km 2 ) nature reserves,belonging <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> forest ecological
nature reserve,are located in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern
Jiangxi.Most mountain streams in both nature reserves
flow in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Le’an River, which drains in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Raohe
River. Recently, numerous anthropogenic disturbances,
such as fires <strong>and</strong> mining, have triggered physico‐chemical
alterations in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve mountain streams. At
present, <strong>the</strong>re have been several notable surveys of <strong>the</strong>
flora <strong>and</strong> fauna withinboth nature reserves. However,
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