212 <strong>Index</strong> knew SO(4) anomaly, 47 Transformationsgruppen,47 <strong>Lie</strong>-type finite groups, 203 lifting, 179 a deformation, 180 a <strong>Lie</strong> algebra homomorphism, 197 a path, 179 limit point, 4, 162 linear transformations, 2 group <strong>of</strong>, 3 <strong>of</strong> H,39 <strong>of</strong> H n ,57 orthogonal, 3 preserving inner product, 48, 49 on C n ,55 preserving length, 49, 161 preserving orientation, 48, 50 locus, 173 log see logarithm function 139 logarithm function inverse to exp, 140 multiplicative property, 141, 146 produces tangents, 139 M n (C), 108 M n (H), 111 M n (R), 93 manifold, 3 Riemannian, 92 matrix absolute value, 84 submultiplicative property, 84 block multiplication, 41 criterion for rotation, 50 dilation, 51 exponential function, 84 definition, 86 groups, vii inverse, 6 <strong>Lie</strong> algebra, 105 <strong>Lie</strong> group see matrix <strong>Lie</strong> groups 81 orthogonal, 32, 51, 97 product properties, 8 quaternion, 57, 112 representation <strong>of</strong> H, 7 discovered by Cayley, 10 representation <strong>of</strong> C, 5 representation <strong>of</strong> linear functions, 27, 87 sequence, 161 skew-Hermitian, 96, 99 skew-symmetric, 93, 96, 99 special orthogonal, 50 transpose, 10, 58 unitary, 32 upper triangular, 100 matrix group, 3 abelian, 41 closed, 143, 164 <strong>Lie</strong> see matrix <strong>Lie</strong> groups 81 quotient, 72 smoothness <strong>of</strong>, 3 matrix <strong>Lie</strong> groups, 4, 81, 113 and topology, 160 are closed, 164 are smooth manifolds, 147 as subgroups <strong>of</strong> GL(n,C), 160, 165 closed under limits, 4, 88, 139, 147 defined by von Neumann, 158 definition, 4, 143, 166 include finite groups, 114 spawn finite groups, 203 matrix logarithm see logarithm function 139 maximal abelian subgroup, 66 maximal torus, 48, 60 in GL(n,C), 111 in SL(n,C), 111 in SO(2m),64 in SO(2m + 1), 64, 65 in SO(3),60 in Sp(n), 66 in SU(n),66
<strong>Index</strong> 213 in U(n), 65 introduced by Weyl, 72 Mercator, Nicholas, 141 Minkowski space, 113 Montgomery, Deane, 159 multiplicative notation, 24 multiplicative property <strong>of</strong> absolute value, 6, 9, 20, 22 and isometries, 11 <strong>of</strong> determinants, 6, 9 <strong>of</strong> logarithm, 141, 146 <strong>of</strong> triangles, 18 neighborhood, 147, 162 topological, 149 Newton, Isaac, 141 Noether, Emmy, 117 nth roots <strong>of</strong> matrices, 144 O(3) is not path-connected, 186 O(n),48 definition, 51 is not path-connected, 52 octonion, 22 automorphisms, 45 projective plane, 22 open ball, 161 interval, 163 set, 160, 162 in general topology, 162 sets, 161 orientation, 38, 50 and determinant, 38 preservation <strong>of</strong>, 38 reversal <strong>of</strong>, 38 orthogonal complement in M n (C), 148 <strong>of</strong> real quaternions, 12, 14 group, 48, 51 special, 3, 48, 51 matrix, 32, 97 transformation, 3, 49 vectors in R 3 ,13 orthonormal basis <strong>of</strong> C n ,55 path, 94, 160 as a function, 173 as locus, 173 as orbit, 173 as sequence <strong>of</strong> positions, 52 closed, 178, 184 and simple connectivity, 178, 184 concatenation, 174 definition, 174 deformation <strong>of</strong>, 160 lifting, 179 smooth, 4, 114 definition, 93, 94 <strong>of</strong> matrices, 94 <strong>of</strong> quaternions, 79, 81 path-connectedness, 48, 52, 60, 160, 174 and center, 69 and concept <strong>of</strong> rotation, 52 <strong>of</strong> GL(n,C), 111, 175 <strong>of</strong> SL(n,C), 111 <strong>of</strong> SO(n), 52 <strong>of</strong> Sp(n), 57, 60 <strong>of</strong> SU(n), 56 <strong>of</strong> U(n), 69 Peano, Giuseppe, 173 plate trick, 184, 189 Pontrjagin, Lev, 114 product Cartesian, 40 direct, 40 <strong>of</strong> matrices, 2 <strong>of</strong> triangles, 18 product rule, 79 projective line real, 31 projective plane octonion, 22 real, 190
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Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
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John Stillwell Naive Lie Theory 123
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To Paul Halmos In Memoriam
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viii Preface Where my book diverges
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Contents 1 Geometry of complex numb
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Contents xiii 8 Topology 160 8.1 Op
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2 1 The geometry of complex numbers
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4 1 The geometry of complex numbers
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6 1 The geometry of complex numbers
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8 1 The geometry of complex numbers
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10 1 The geometry of complex number
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12 1 The geometry of complex number
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14 1 The geometry of complex number
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16 1 The geometry of complex number
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18 1 The geometry of complex number
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20 1 The geometry of complex number
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22 1 The geometry of complex number
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24 2 Groups 2.1 Crash course on gro
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26 2 Groups This algebraic argument
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28 2 Groups is the right coset of H
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30 2 Groups and h ∈ ker ϕ ⇒ ϕ
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32 2 Groups show that the real proj
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34 2 Groups R Q α/2 θ/2 α/2 P Fi
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36 2 Groups 1/2 turn 1/3 turn Figur
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38 2 Groups 2.4.4 Show that reflect
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40 2 Groups 2.5.1 Check that q ↦
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42 2 Groups Exercises If we let x 1
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44 2 Groups SO(4) is not simple. Th
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46 2 Groups include “infinitesima
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3 Generalized rotation groups PREVI
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50 3 Generalized rotation groups Th
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52 3 Generalized rotation groups An
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54 3 Generalized rotation groups th
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56 3 Generalized rotation groups Pa
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58 3 Generalized rotation groups Ho
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60 3 Generalized rotation groups On
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62 3 Generalized rotation groups Ex
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64 3 Generalized rotation groups In
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66 3 Generalized rotation groups Th
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68 3 Generalized rotation groups Ca
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70 3 Generalized rotation groups Pr
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72 3 Generalized rotation groups Ma
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4 The exponential map PREVIEW The g
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76 4 The exponential map course, th
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78 4 The exponential map imaginary
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80 4 The exponential map This const
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82 4 The exponential map 4.4 The Li
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84 4 The exponential map 4.5 The ex
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86 4 The exponential map Definition
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88 4 The exponential map obtained b
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90 4 The exponential map Then subst
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92 4 The exponential map It was dis
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94 5 The tangent space 5.1 Tangent
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96 5 The tangent space The matrices
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98 5 The tangent space as in ordina
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100 5 The tangent space Conversely,
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102 5 The tangent space Exercises A
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104 5 The tangent space To see why
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106 5 The tangent space 5.5 Dimensi
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108 5 The tangent space but not nec
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110 5 The tangent space Conversely,
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112 5 The tangent space However, th
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114 5 The tangent space the set of
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6 Structure of Lie algebras PREVIEW
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118 6 Structure of Lie algebras isa
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120 6 Structure of Lie algebras An
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122 6 Structure of Lie algebras 6.3
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124 6 Structure of Lie algebras We
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126 6 Structure of Lie algebras whi
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128 6 Structure of Lie algebras Our
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130 6 Structure of Lie algebras [X,
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132 6 Structure of Lie algebras l
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134 6 Structure of Lie algebras and
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136 6 Structure of Lie algebras If
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138 6 Structure of Lie algebras of
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140 7 The matrix logarithm 7.1 Loga
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142 7 The matrix logarithm 7.1.1 Su
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144 7 The matrix logarithm Taking e
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146 7 The matrix logarithm If A(t)
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148 7 The matrix logarithm The log
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150 7 The matrix logarithm 7.4.1 Sh
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152 7 The matrix logarithm By the t
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154 7 The matrix logarithm The idea
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156 7 The matrix logarithm Next, re
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158 7 The matrix logarithm Exercise
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8 Topology PREVIEW One of the essen
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