Conference Programme (PDF, 1019KB) - Trinity College Dublin

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based on information about their income. Other studies that have used register data for investigating attachment to the labour market
are, e.g.: SCB (Statistics Sweden) 2000, Socialstyrelsen (The National Board of Health and Welfare) 2001, Olofsson et al. 2003, SOU
2003:92, Bergmark & Bäckman 2004, Damsten & Erson 2005, Ungdomssstyrelsen (The Swedish National Youth Board) 2005. Although
register data give very good basis for studying youths income situation, one has to be aware of that they only to some extent give a direct
picture of youths’ attachment to the labour market. Discussions about problems that can be associated with using register data on
income to draw conclusions about labour market integration can be found in SOU 2003:92 and Ungdomsstyrelsen 2005 and, with specific
reference to youths with weak attachment to the labour market, in e.g. Salonen 2003 and Franzén & Kassman 2005.
Following Statistics Sweden (SCB) 2000, the youths in our study were classified into four categories according to the degree of attachment
to the labour market: (1) excluded from the labour market, (2) in an entrance phase, (3) in an establishing phase, and (4) included in the
labour market (see also Raaum et al. 2009). Utilising these four categories made it possible for us to follow the inclusion process for
individual youths in a rather detailed manner. The results presented in the study focus on individuals in the two extreme categories, i.e.
youths who were excluded from and youths who were included in the labour market.
Results
Exclusion from the labour market
Using the individual’s labour market situation in 2007 as the dependent variable, a probit model is used to estimate the probability of
being excluded from the labour market. We identify one variable that is of major importance: not to have completed compulsory school
studies. Persons who had dropped out of compulsory school in the sense that they had not received leaving certificate has a much higher
probability of being excluded. It could be observed that even though immigrants are overrepresented in the group of youths who were
excluded from the labour market in 2007, no immigrant effect could be identified. That is, having an immigrant background does not have
an impact on the probability of being excluded from the labour market when other individual characteristics are being controlled for.
Inclusion in the labour market
Being included in the labour market 2007 was by us defined as having a yearly income from work that exceeds 16,000 Euro. Again,
education is identified as a variable of major importance. Those without final certificate from compulsory school have a lower probability
of being included in the labour market. As regards labour market inclusion, immigrant effects were observed. All estimates of effects of
variables that relate to the individual’s immigrant background–being an immigrant him- or herself, father immigrant, mother immigrant–
indicate reduced probability of being included in the labour market in 2007.
Conclusion
The main result from our study is that finishing at least compulsory school is of major importance for both exclusion and inclusion. We
can not establish that having an immigrant background affects the risk of being excluded from the labour market. It is, however, clearly
brought out that such a background reduces the probability of labour market inclusion. Thus, according to our study, having immigrant
background is rather a labour market inclusion problem in Sweden than a problem that is manifested in labour market exclusion. An
immigrant background seems to obstruct transitions from the establishing phase but does not increase the risk of being excluded from
the Swedish labour market. Panel data estimations confirm these cross sectional results.
SESSION 3c Migration, Gender and Employment
Migrant women, employment and local development
*Manuela Samek Lodovici, IRS- Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale, Italy
Renata Semenza, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
Flavio Scantimburgo, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
Daniela Loi, IRS- Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale, Italy
The paper considers the role of women in the migration flows from Northern Africa to Italy according to the transnationalism perspective.
Adopting the transnationalism approach, the paper presents the results of a field research carried out on a sample of 116 women that
have migrated from Morocco to Italy and of 100 women living in Morocco and part of transnational households or return migrants.
The migratory flows of women from Morocco to Italy are still mainly determined by family reunions. However, the research presents a
picture of changing conditions which may have important social implications. Women have a complex role within this ethnic group, which,
on the one hand, supports the stabilization of the migratory path, but also, on the other hand, contributes to maintain the links with the
cultural traditions of the country of origin and sustains the accumulation of the social and human capital needed to build bridges
connecting the immigration context with their homeland.
The research aims at assessing how the migration experience (either experienced directly or indirectly, as member of transnational
households) changes the women attitudes within family relationships, the labor market, and their social networks. A specific attention
has been given to self employment and business creation opportunities as a way for the integration of women in the country of arrival and
of local development in the country of origin in the case of transnational business creation. The issues of adaptation, integration,
pluralism and migration are considered from a gender perspective.
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