FIRE DESIGN OF STEEL MEMBERS - Civil and Natural Resources ...

LIST OF FIGURES:
FIGURE 1.1: VARIATION OF THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF STEEL WITH TEMPERATURE. .....................13
FIGURE 1.2:VARIATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF STEEL WITH TEMPERATURE.............14
FIGURE 1.3: VARIATION OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF STEEL WITH TEMPERATURE..................15
FIGURE 1.4: VARIATIONS OF HP/A FOR DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTECTION .......................16
FIGURE 2.1: SPREADSHEET CALCULATION FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN UNPROTECTED STEEL
MEMBERS ..........................................................................................................................20
FIGURE 2.2: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ECCS FORMULA, EQUATION 2.6, AND THE
SPREADSHEET METHOD FOR HEAVY INSULATION.............................................................24
FIGURE 2.3: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EC3 FORMULA, EQUATION 2.8, AND THE
SPREADSHEET METHOD.....................................................................................................25
FIGURE 2.4: TIME TEMPERATURE CURVE OF THE ISO 834 STANDARD FIRE CURVE................30
FIGURE 2.5: EUROCODE FIRES WITH VARYING VENTILATION FACTORS AND FUEL LOADS.......32
FIGURE 3.1: VARIATION OF THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY WITH TEMPERATURE ...................37
FIGURE 3.2: VARIATION OF THE YIELD STRESS OF STEEL WITH TEMPERATURE........................38
FIGURE 3.3: VARIATION OF YIELD STRESS AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY WITH
TEMPERATURE ..................................................................................................................39
FIGURE 3.4: STRESS STRAIN CURVES WITH VARYING TEMPERATURE.......................................41
FIGURE 3.5: VARIATION OF ULTIMATE AND YIELD STRENGTH OF HOT ROLLED STEEL.............41
FIGURE 4.1: SCHEMATIC GRAPH SHOWING THE COMPARISONS MADE BETWEEN APPROXIMATE
FORMULAS AND TIME TEMPERATURE CURVES .................................................................53
FIGURE 4.2: TIME TEMPERATURE CURVE FROM A SAFIR SIMULATION SHOWING THE
VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE FOR FOUR SIDED EXPOSURE..............................................54
FIGURE 4.3: TEMPERATURE CONTOUR LINES SHOWING THE TEMPERATURE PROFILE OVER THE
CROSS SECTION OF THE STEEL SECTION............................................................................57
FIGURES 4.4 A-C: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RESULTS FROM SAFIR AND THE SPREADSHEET
METHOD FOR UNPROTECTED STEEL BEAMS WITH FOUR SIDED EXPOSURE ......................58
FIGURE 4.5 A-C: COMPARISON OF THE LINEAR EQUATIONS PROVIDED BY NZS 3404 AND ECCS
WITH THE TEMPERATURES OBTAINED FROM THE SPREADSHEET METHOD WITH FOUR
SIDED EXPOSURE TO AN ISO 834 FIRE..............................................................................61
FIGURE 4.6: LAYOUT OF THREE SIDED EXPOSURE WITH A CONCRETE SLAB.............................64
FIGURE 4.7: MAXIMUM, AVERAGE AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES FOUND FROM THE SAFIR 1
SIMULATION......................................................................................................................65
FIGURE 4.8: MAXIMUM, AVERAGE AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES FOUND FROM THE SAFIR 2
SIMULATION......................................................................................................................65
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