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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 For more information, please visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/governance Governance Indices Regulatory Barriers Access to Information Level of Corruption to Starting Government Expenditures Digital Status of Press Democracy Political Perceptions a Business, 2004 (as a percent of Access Freedom of Freedom (-10 - 10, Competition Index Average Percent of GNI Gross Domestic Product) Index Information Index 10 = most (0 - 5, 5 = most (0 - 10, 10= Number of Per Capita {a} Public Public (1 - 100, 100= (FOI) (0 - 100, 0= democratic) competitive) least corrupt) Days to Required to Health Education {b} Military most access) Legislation most free) 2002 2002 2003 Incorporate Incorporate 2000 2000 2000 2002 2005 2004 Sub-Saharan Africa .. .. .. 63 225 2.7 .. 1.9 .. .. .. Angola -3 3 1.8 146 885 1.9 2.7 4.9 11 Law Enacted e 66 Benin 6 4 .. 32 197 1.8 3.1 .. 12 .. 30 Botswana 9 4 5.7 108 11 3.7 .. 3.7 43 Pending Effort 30 Burkina Faso 0 4 .. 135 153 1.8 .. 1.7 8 .. 39 Burundi 0 3 .. 43 192 2.0 3.4 6.0 10 .. 75 Cameroon -4 3 1.8 37 183 1.1 3.2 1.4 16 .. 67 Central African Rep 5 3 .. 14 205 2.1 .. .. 10 .. 64 Chad -2 3 .. 75 344 2.4 .. 1.5 10 .. 74 Congo -4 2 2.2 67 318 1.4 .. .. 17 .. 54 Congo, Dem Rep -77 -77 .. 155 603 1.4 .. .. 12 .. 80 Côte d'Ivoire 4 3 2.1 58 134 1.0 4.6 .. 13 .. 65 Equatorial Guinea -5 2 .. .. .. 1.3 0.6 .. 20 .. 89 Eritrea -7 2 .. .. .. 3.7 .. .. 13 .. 89 Ethiopia 1 3 2.5 32 77 1.1 4.8 9.8 10 Pending Effort 66 Gabon -4 2 .. .. .. 1.6 3.9 .. 34 .. 62 Gambia -5 2 2.5 .. .. 2.9 2.7 1.1 13 .. 63 Ghana 6 4 3.3 85 88 2.4 .. 1.0 16 Pending Effort 28 Guinea -1 3 .. 49 208 1.8 1.9 1.5 10 .. 71 Guinea-Bissau 5 3 .. .. .. 3.4 .. 4.4 10 .. 63 Kenya 8 4 1.9 47 53 2.1 6.3 1.6 19 Pending Effort 60 Lesotho 8 3 .. 92 58 4.9 10.0 3.1 19 Pending Effort 40 Liberia 0 3 .. .. .. 3.2 .. .. .. .. 75 Madagascar 7 4 2.6 44 65 1.6 3.2 1.2 15 .. 41 Malawi 5 4 2.8 35 141 3.0 .. 0.9 15 Pending Effort 52 Mali 6 3 3.0 42 187 1.8 .. 2.5 9 .. 27 Mauritania -6 2 .. 82 141 2.7 .. .. 14 .. 64 Mozambique 6 4 2.7 153 96 3.8 .. 2.4 12 Pending Effort 45 Namibia 6 4 4.7 85 19 4.8 .. 3.4 39 Pending Effort 34 Niger 4 0 .. 27 396 1.5 2.8 1.1 4 .. 56 Nigeria 4 0 1.4 44 95 0.4 .. 0.8 15 Pending Effort 53 Rwanda -4 2 .. 21 317 3.0 2.8 3.8 15 .. 82 Senegal 8 4 3.2 57 113 2.6 3.2 1.4 14 .. 37 Sierra Leone 5 3 2.2 26 .. 2.6 .. 3.6 10 .. 58 Somalia -77 -77 .. .. .. 1.2 .. .. .. .. 80 South Africa 9 4 4.4 38 9 3.6 .. 1.5 45 Law Enacted 24 Sudan -6 2 2.3 .. .. 1.1 .. 3.0 13 .. 85 Tanzania, United Rep 2 3 2.5 35 187 2.1 .. .. 15 Pending Effort 50 Togo -2 3 .. 53 229 1.5 4.8 .. 18 .. 78 Uganda -4 2 2.2 36 131 3.1 .. 2.2 17 Pending Effort 44 Zambia 1 3 2.5 35 23 2.9 .. 0.6 17 Pending Effort 63 Zimbabwe -7 2 2.3 96 305 3.8 .. 4.9 29 Law Enacted h 89 North America .. .. .. .. .. 5.8 4.9 3.0 .. .. .. Canada 10 5 8.7 3 1 6.4 5.2 1.2 78 Law Enacted 15 United States 10 5 7.5 5 1 5.8 4.9 3.1 78 Law Enacted 13 C. America & Caribbean .. .. .. .. .. 2.7 .. .. .. .. .. Belize .. .. 4.5 .. .. 2.4 6.2 .. 47 Law Enacted 22 Costa Rica 10 5 4.3 77 26 4.7 4.4 .. 52 .. 19 Cuba -7 1 4.6 .. .. 6.1 8.5 .. 38 .. 96 Dominican Rep 8 4 3.3 78 25 2.2 .. .. 42 Law Enacted 39 El Salvador 7 4 3.7 115 128 3.6 2.5 0.7 38 Pending Effort 42 Guatemala 8 4 2.4 39 63 2.2 1.7 0.8 38 Pending Effort 62 Haiti -2 3 1.5 203 176 2.5 .. .. 15 .. 79 Honduras 7 4 2.3 62 73 3.2 .. .. 29 Pending Effort 52 Jamaica 9 4 3.8 31 15 2.9 6.3 .. 53 Law Enacted 17 Mexico 8 4 3.6 58 17 2.6 .. 0.5 50 Law Enacted 36 Nicaragua 8 3 2.6 45 170 3.7 .. 1.3 19 Pending Effort 37 Panama 9 5 3.4 19 25 5.3 5.0 .. 47 Law Enacted 45 Trinidad and Tobago .. .. 4.6 .. .. 1.8 3.8 .. 53 Law Enacted 25 South America .. .. .. .. .. 3.4 .. 1.5 .. .. .. Argentina 8 4 2.5 32 16 4.9 4.6 1.3 53 Pending Effort f 35 Bolivia 9 4 2.3 59 174 3.5 5.5 1.5 38 Pending Effort f 37 Brazil 8 4 3.9 155 12 3.1 3.8 1.3 50 Pending Effort 36 Chile 9 4 7.4 27 10 2.9 3.9 2.8 58 Pending Effort 23 Colombia 7 3 3.7 43 27 3.7 4.8 3.4 45 Law Enacted 63 Ecuador 6 3 2.2 92 47 2.2 .. .. 41 Law Enacted 42 Guyana 6 3 .. .. .. 4.2 .. .. 43 .. 20 Paraguay 7 3 1.6 74 158 3.0 4.9 1.0 39 Pending Effort 54 Peru 9 4 3.7 98 36 2.6 .. 2.0 44 Law Enacted 34 Suriname .. .. .. .. .. 6.3 .. .. 46 .. 18 Uruguay 10 5 5.5 45 48 5.1 2.8 1.1 54 Pending Effort 26 Venezuela 6 3 2.4 116 15 3.4 .. 1.1 47 .. 68 Oceania .. .. .. .. .. 6.2 4.9 1.6 .. .. .. Australia 10 5 8.8 2 2 6.2 4.7 1.7 74 Law Enacted 14 Fiji 5 3 .. 64 25 2.6 6.0 2.1 43 Pending Effort 29 New Zealand 10 5 9.5 12 0 6.2 6.0 1.3 72 Law Enacted 10 Papua New Guinea 10 5 2.1 56 31 3.8 2.3 0.8 26 Pending Effort 25 Solomon Islands .. .. .. 35 44 4.6 3.5 .. 17 .. 30 a. Gross national income. b. May include subsidies for private or religious schools. c. Law is not yet implemented. d. Extensive access is available through the national constitution. e. Limited implementation. f. Executive order implementing FOI adopted. g. Laws in Montenegro still pending. h. This law is primarily used to supress media, while its FOIA provisions are unused. Key to Indices: Level of Democracy (Polity IV): Scaled from -10 to 10, -10 represents a fully autocratic regime, 10 a fully democratic regime. -66 represents an interruption in government due to foreign occupation. -77 signifies a period of interregnum after a collapse of centralized political authority. Political Competition (Polity IV): Assigned a value from 0 to 5: 0 = unregulated, 1 = most repressed (least competitive), and 5 = most competitive (least repressed). Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International): Scaled from 0 (most corrupt) to 10 (least corrupt). Digital Access Index (International Telecommunications Union): Scaled from 0 to 100, 100 represents highest access. Press Freedom Index (Freedom House): Scaled from 1 to 100. 1-30 = Free, 31-60 = Partly Free, 61-100 = Not Free. DATA TABLE 6: INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE 197
6 Institutions and Governance: Technical Notes 198 DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY The Level of Democracy is a scale measuring the degree to which a nation is either autocratic or democratic. A score of plus 10 indicates a strongly democratic state; a score of minus 10 a strongly autocratic state. A democratic government possesses fully competitive political participation, institutionalized constraints on executive power, and guarantee of civil liberties to all citizens. An autocratic system sharply restricts or suppresses competitive political participation, and its chief executives are chosen by an elite group and exercise power with few institutionalized constraints. The Level of Political Competition measures the extent to which alternate preferences for policy and leadership can be pursued in the political arena. On a scale of 0-5, one of the following categories is assigned to a country: (0) “Not Applicable” is used for a political system without stable groups. (1) “Repressed” is assigned to totalitarian party systems, authoritarian military dictatorships, and despotic monarchies—any regime where oppositional activity is not permitted outside of the ruling party. Repressed regimes also have the power and ability to carry out systematic repression. (2) “Suppressed” political systems contain some limited political competition outside of government; however, peaceful political competition and large classes of people are excluded from the political process. (3) “Factional” polities contain parochial or ethnic-based political factions that compete for influence in order to promote agendas that favor the interests of group members over common interests. (4) “Transitional” arrangements accommodate competing interests, but some factionalism associated with parochial interests may still be present. (5) “Competitive” systems are characterized by relatively stable and enduring political groups with regular competition and voluntary transfer of power. Small parties or political groups may, however, be restricted. The Level of Democracy and Political Competition indices are reported by the Polity IV Project of the Center for International Development & Conflict Management. The Polity IV indices are compiled by a panel of experts using multiple historical sources for each country, combined with reference to a variety of standard sources. The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) measures the degree to which corruption—the abuse of public office for private gain—is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. Ratings range in value from 10 (least corrupt) to 0 (most corrupt). CPI is a composite index compiled by Transparency International from the results of 17 surveys reported by 13 different independent institutions. Regulatory Barriers to Starting a Business measure the average amount of time and money necessary to register and incorporate a new business venture in the largest city of a given country. These two indicators are measured in days and as a percent of the per capita gross national income (GNI). Governments differ significantly in the requirements they set for these processes. Broadly speaking, higher values represent regulatory environments that stifle the creation of new enterprises. Data are obtained from the World Bank’s Doing Business Database. World Bank staff collect this information in an extensive investigative process involving surveys and the input of local experts. Surveys are sent to lawyers working as business retainers in the country of interest. Respondents are asked to list the steps required to begin a business and to estimate both the cost and amount of time required to perform each. Respondents’ answers are compared and normalized in order to present a clear picture of the regulations surrounding the start of a business as well as shortcuts and common methods used for compliance. Survey results are corroborated by other in-country experts in business law and practice. Government Expenditures as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP) roughly indicate the economic importance of public health, public education, and military activities on national economies. Public Health Expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (both central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. The estimates of health expenditure come mostly from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) World Health Report 2003 and its subsequent updates, and from the OECD for its member countries, supplemented by World Bank poverty assessments and country-sector studies. Data are also drawn from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Public Education Expenditure consists of public spending on public education plus subsidies to private education at the primary, secondary, and post-secondary levels. Foreign aid for education is excluded. Education expenditure estimates are provided to the World Bank by the Institute for Statistics of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). UNESCO compiles its data from annual financial reports of central or federal governments and state or regional administrations. Military Expenditure is defined by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) as “all current and capital expenditure on: (a) the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; (b) defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; (c) paramilitary forces, when judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and (d) military space activities.” Expenditures include the cost of procurements, personnel, research and development, construction, operations, maintenance, and military aid to other countries. Civil defense, veteran’s benefits, demobilization, and destruction of weapons are not included as military expenditures. SIPRI obtains military expenditure data from several sources. Primary sources include national budget documents, defense white papers, public finance statistics, and responses to surveys. Surveys are administered by either SIPRI, the United Nations, or the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Secondary sources include data published by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Europa Yearbook, and country reports of the Economist Intelligence Unit. The Digital Access Index reflects the ability of each country’s population to take advantage of internet communication technologies. It is a composite score of eight variables describing availability of infrastructure, affordability of access, educational level, quality of information and communication technology (ICT) services, and Internet usage. The index is calculated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). ITU receives data on information technology from governments and industry associations. Data on education and literacy rates are provided by UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics. Freedom of Information (FOI) Legislation requires disclosure of government records to the public. There are now 48 countries with comprehensive FOI laws, plus a dozen or so countries with FOI-related constitutional provisions that can be used to access information. Data are collected by Privacy International on a country-bycountry basis and were last updated in February 2005. “..” in a data column signifies countries with no FOI legislation or no available data. The Press Freedom Index is defined by Freedom House as “the degree to which each country permits the free flow of information,” measured on a scale of 1 to 100. Countries with a score between 1 and 30 are considered to have a “free” media; 31 to 60, “partly free”; and 61 to 100, “not free.” Freedom House emphasizes that this survey does not measure press responsibility; rather, it measures the degree of freedom in the flow of information. Data are collected from overseas correspondents, staff travel, international visitors, the findings of human rights organizations, specialists in geographic and geopolitical areas, the reports of governments, and a variety of domestic and international news media. The final index measures three separate categories of influence on the media: national laws and administrative decisions; censorship and intimidation; and quotas, licensing biases, or government funding.
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 United Nations
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 The World Reso
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 ■ Capture Gr
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 viii In the sp
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The Wealth of the
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 For many of th
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 4 Making gover
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BOX 1.1 THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY 6
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BOX 1.1 THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY L
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 10 nations. It
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Percent of Hou
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BOX 1.2 LIFE ON A DOLLAR A DAY TO B
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 16 greater pro
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 FIGURE 1.3 A T
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Box 1.3 HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND PO
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Box 1.3 HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND PO
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 24 The Wealthy
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 26 and hence w
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BOX 1.4 POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE IN A
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BOX 1.4 POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE IN A
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Harvests from forests, fisheries, a
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Of course, env
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 ADOPTING A LIV
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 MISUNDERSTANDI
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 FIGURE 2.3 SOU
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BOX 2.1 FINDINGS OF THE MILLENNIUM
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 44 FIGURE 2.4
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BOX 2.2 BRAZIL NUTS AND PALM HEARTS
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 TABLE 2.6 NATU
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 52 FIGURE 2.6
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The patterns and institutions of go
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 56 These facto
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BOX 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE SCOPE OF
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 60 tenure arra
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BOX 3.2 HOW COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURC
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 resource manag
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 FIGURE 3.3: VO
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BOX 3.3 EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES THRO
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 76 constitutio
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Empowering the poor with resource r
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 90 it is by no
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 92 Another met
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BOX 4.2 FAIR TRADE CERTIFICATION: R
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 also common in
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BOX 4.3 SERVING THE POOR PROFITABLY
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BOX 4.4 PAYING THE POOR FOR ENVIRON
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 250 Household
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 252 integratio
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 global relianc
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