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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 The World Resources Institute wishes to acknowledge three organizations whose support has been indispensable in bringing World Resources 2005 to publication: Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency United States Agency for International Development World Resources 2005: The Wealth of the Poor—Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty Cite as: World Resources Institute (WRI) in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank. 2005. World Resources 2005: The Wealth of the Poor—Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty. Washington, DC: WRI. Published by World Resources Institute 10 G Street, NE Suite 800 Washington, DC 20002 © 2005 World Resources Institute The World Resources Series is produced collaboratively by four organizations: the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank, and the World Resources Institute. The views expressed in this volume are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the judgments of the organizations’ boards of directors or member governments. IV The full report is available online at www.wri.org. Materials may be reproduced with the written permission of the World Resources Institute. ISBN 1-56973-582-4
WORLD RESOURCES 2005 CONTENTS Foreword PART I THE WEALTH OF THE POOR vii CHAPTER 1 NATURE, POWER, AND POVERTY 3 ■ Linking Ecosystems, Governance, and Poverty 4 ■ The Persistence of Poverty 5 ■ Growth Alone Is Not Enough 11 ■ Environment Matters to the Poor 12 ■ Nature as an Economic Stepping Stone 16 ■ Better Governance Is Vital for Higher Incomes 19 ■ The Environment as a Route to Democratic Governance 25 ■ Linking Environment and Governance in the Global Poverty Fight 26 ■ From Vulnerability to Wealth 27 CHAPTER 2 ECOSYSTEMS AND THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE POOR 33 ■ How Important is Environmental Income? 34 ■ Common Pool Resources as a Source of Enviromental Income 39 ■ Who Gets More Environmental Income: Rich or Poor? 41 ■ Environmental Income by Ecosystem 45 ■ The Role of Livestock 50 ■ The Social Benefits of Ecosystems 51 ■ Building on the Strength of Ecosystems 52 CHAPTER 3 THE ROLE OF GOVERNANCE 55 ■ Resource Tenure and Property Rights: Access and Ownership 56 ■ Decentralization: Can It Help the Poor? 62 ■ The Rights to Information, Participation, and Justice: The Importance of a Voice 70 CHAPTER 4 FOUR STEPS TO GREATER ENVIRONMENTAL INCOME 79 1 More Income Through Better Ecosystem Management 80 ■ Better Management Requires an Ecosystem Approach 80 ■ Income Benefits of Better Management 81 2 Getting the Governance Right: Empowering the Poor to Profit from Nature 83 ■ Securing Property and Resource Rights through Tenure Reform 83 ■ Poor-Friendly Decentralization: Community-Based Natural Resource Management 87 ■ Keeping Community-Based Management Pro-Poor 89 ■ A Continuing Role for the State 92 3 Commercializing Ecosystem Goods and Services 97 ■ Provide Marketing Assistance 97 ■ Understand the Limitations of Transportation 98 ■ Make Credit Available 98
Page 1 and 2: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 United Nations
Page 3: WORLD RESOURCES 2005
Page 8 and 9: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 ■ Capture Gr
Page 10 and 11: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 viii In the sp
Page 12 and 13: The Wealth of the
Page 14 and 15: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 For many of th
Page 16 and 17: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 4 Making gover
Page 18 and 19: BOX 1.1 THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY 6
Page 20 and 21: BOX 1.1 THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY L
Page 22 and 23: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 10 nations. It
Page 24 and 25: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Percent of Hou
Page 26 and 27: BOX 1.2 LIFE ON A DOLLAR A DAY TO B
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Page 32 and 33: Box 1.3 HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND PO
Page 34 and 35: Box 1.3 HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND PO
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Page 40 and 41: BOX 1.4 POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE IN A
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Page 46 and 47: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Of course, env
Page 48 and 49: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 ADOPTING A LIV
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 44 FIGURE 2.4
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BOX 2.2 BRAZIL NUTS AND PALM HEARTS
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 48 Because of
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 TABLE 2.6 NATU
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 52 FIGURE 2.6
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The patterns and institutions of go
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 56 These facto
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BOX 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE SCOPE OF
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 60 tenure arra
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 coexist uneasi
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 64 (Shyamsunda
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BOX 3.2 HOW COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURC
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 resource manag
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 FIGURE 3.3: VO
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BOX 3.3 EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES THRO
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 74 rights in m
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 76 constitutio
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Empowering the poor with resource r
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 In addition, w
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 82 irrigated a
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BOX 4.1 NEGOTIATING INDIGENOUS TENU
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 86 costs, whet
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 and training f
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 90 it is by no
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 92 Another met
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BOX 4.2 FAIR TRADE CERTIFICATION: R
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 also common in
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 98 Understand
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 practices, inc
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BOX 4.3 SERVING THE POOR PROFITABLY
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 104 Engaging w
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BOX 4.4 PAYING THE POOR FOR ENVIRON
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 108 the govern
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 110 budgets on
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Each situation faced by the rural p
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 The establishm
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 154 THE MILLEN
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 referred to as
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 TABLE 4 SUGGES
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Encouraging En
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 162 POVERTY RE
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 sector activit
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 FRAMEWORK FOR
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 168 titling pr
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 170 the need f
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Data Tables
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 WORLD RESOURCE
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 REGIONS Classi
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 LOW-, MIDDLE-,
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 For more infor
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 FREQUENCY OF U
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 DATA RELIABILI
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 The Human Pove
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Net Fuel Impor
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Total GHG Emis
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 collection of
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 International
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Calorie Supply
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 228 Chapter 4
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 230 References
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 232 Institute,
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 234 ■ World
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 236 ■ Solesb
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 238 ■ Ostrom
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 240 ■ Carter
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 242 Watersheds
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 244 http://www
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 246 Index A Ac
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 248 employment
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 250 Household
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 252 integratio
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 global relianc
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