jp8589 WRI.qxd - World Resources Institute

WORLD RESOURCES 2005
248
employment in production of, 10
importance of, 33
Millennium Development Goals, 157–158
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 42
payment for environmental service programs, 105–109
poverty reduction strategy paper evaluations, 165–166
social benefits, 51–52
trends, 80, 158
valuation, 16–17
See also Conservancies of Namibia; Environmental incomes
Ecosystem management
Access Principles, 70–71
benefit-sharing from improvements in, 90–91
communal tenure and, 59–60
corruption in, 19
decentralization, 56, 62–63, 87, 88–89, 168–169
definition, 4
ecosystem approach, 80–81, 82
goals of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 42
higher-income households as beneficiaries of, 90
to increase environmental income, 80–83
information needs, 73–75
integration of governance and, for economic growth,
3–5, 12, 26–27, 55–56, 109–111
Millennium Development Goals, 154–161
monitoring and enforcement, 95–96
obstacles to participation of poor in, 23, 28, 67, 70–71
political governance and, 4–5, 25–26
in poverty reduction strategy papers, 26–27, 162, 163–165
private sector–local partnerships, 101–104, 110
productivity, 17, 44, 79, 80
regional coordination, 95
resource needs of poor for, 27
state roles in, 92–97
strategies for poverty reduction, 4, 16–19, 79
tenure rights and, 19–23, 57–59
user committees, 65–68
Ecotourism, 17–18, 105, 169
coral reefs, 50
in Namibian conservancies, 116, 122
Ecuador, 76
Educational attainment
cost of, 15
household responsibilities and, 52
trends, 10
Enforcement of ecosystem management rules, 96–97
Environmental damage
climate change, 13, 16, 22
ecosystem productivity and, 17, 44, 80
findings of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 42
legal proceedings, 76–77
trends, 80
vulnerabilities of rural poor, 11, 13–16, 20, 21–22
Environmental income
advantages of, 35
agricultural income and, 34, 39, 45
benefits of diversification, 45, 105, 134–135
commercialization efforts to improve, 97
common pool resources, 13, 39–41
definition, 3, 35
ecosystem management to increase, 80–83
elite capture of state-owned resources, 24, 65, 67, 86
fisheries, 35, 38, 48–50
forests and forest products, 35, 38, 43–45
governance obstacles to improving access and use, 3–4,
19–25, 56–57
higher-income households as beneficiaries of, 16, 24,
41–44, 82
implications for regional and national economies, 35, 53,
82–83
importance of, to rural poor, 3, 4, 12–13, 16–17, 33, 34,
35, 37–39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48–50, 51, 52
livestock-based, 39, 48–49
measurement, 36, 37, 38
outcomes of marine resource restoration effort, 150
in poverty reduction strategy papers, 165–167
sources of, 34–35, 37
strategies for increasing, 79–80, 81
sustainability, 166–167
tax policy effects, 24–25
tenure and, 57, 58, 76, 86
usage, 38, 44, 52–53
wild income, 34, 35, 37–39
Environmental Investigation Agency, 139, 140, 141, 142
Environmental monitoring, 96–97
Millenium Development Goals, 154, 156–157, 158, 159
in poverty reduction strategy papers, 166, 170
Environmental regulation, negative outcomes of, 25
Equator Principles, 110
Eritrea, 85
Ethiopia, 22, 59, 99
common pool resources, 41
European Union, 116
F
Fair-trade certification, 94–95, 100
Fiji, fisheries management in
challenges for restoration projects, 150
economics, 49–50, 149–150
implementation of restoration projects, 145–146,
147–148, 149
lessons learned from restoration efforts, 149
LMMA Network, 147, 149
need for, 144
outcomes of restoration efforts, 82, 144, 146, 148, 150, 151
poaching problems, 150–151
regional cooperation, 148–149