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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Calorie Supply Per Capita refers to the amount of available food per person per day, expressed in kilocalories. Share of Calorie Supply from Animal Products refers to the percent of available food that is derived from animal products, including all types of meat and fish; animal fats and fish oils; edible offal; milk, butter, cheese, and cream; and eggs and egg products. FAO compiles statistics on apparent food consumption based on Supply/Utilization Accounts (SUAs) maintained in FAOSTAT, its online statistical service. SUAs are time-series data using statistics on supply and utilization. For each food product, the SUA traces supplies from production, imports, and stocks to utilization in different forms—addition to stocks, exports, animal feed, seed, processing for food and non-food purposes, waste (or losses), and lastly, as food available to the population. For internal consistency, total food supply equals total utilization. FAO derives caloric values by applying the appropriate food composition factors to the quantities of the processed commodities, rather than examining primary commodities. Per capita supplies are derived from the total supplies available for human consumption by dividing the quantities of food by the total population actually partaking of the food supplies during the reference period. FREQUENCY OF UPDATE BY DATA PROVIDERS Data from FAO are updated annually, with the exception of production data, which are updated three times each year, and trade data, which are updated semiannually. Data on international organic agriculture was first published by IFOAM in 1998 and are updated annually. The USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service updates international grain production estimates every month. DATA RELIABILITY AND CAUTIONARY NOTES Agricultural Land and Irrigated Cropland: Data are compiled from various sources (national publications, FAO questionnaires, international publications, etc.). As a result, definitions and coverage do not always conform to FAO recommendations and may not always be completely consistent across countries. Organic Cropland as a Percent of Total: Data for organic agriculture are collected by IFOAM from a variety of sources, including member organizations, certification bodies, and other institutions. Data collection methods vary depending on the institution and the country. Figures for percent of total agricultural land under organic management are calculated by IFOAM. Data on total agricultural land used in these calculations are different from those provided by FAO for total arable and permanent cropland. Labor: Values vary widely among and within countries according to labor scarcity, production technologies, and costs of energy and machinery. The annual figures for total number of agricultural workers were obtained by interpolating and extrapolating past trends (1950-2000) taken from ILO decennial population series. As a result, fluctuations in the labor force may not be captured in annual figures. Labor intensity may be overestimated in countries with substantial fishing or forestry industries, since the total agricultural labor force includes some workers engaged in these activities. Fertilizer: Data are excluded for some countries with a relatively small area of cropland, such as Iceland and Singapore. In these cases, the calculation of fertilizer consumed per hectare of cropland yields an unreliable number. Mechanization: Data collection methods differ across countries, resulting in varying degrees of reliability. Some caution should be used in interpreting tractorsin-use figures because the data do not account for variations in the size and horsepower of different tractors. Water Withdrawals: While AQUASTAT represents the most complete and careful compilation of water resources statistics to date, freshwater data are generally of poor quality. Sources of information vary but are rarely complete. Access to information on water resources is still sometimes restricted for reasons related to political sensitivity at the regional level. The accuracy and reliability of the information vary greatly among regions and countries. Data are typically collected in different years for different countries and interpolated or extrapolated to a single year. Per Capita Food Production Index: Indices are not directly measured; they are derived from a set of formulas and algorithms. The calculation therefore contains an unavoidable amount of subjectivity. Reliability is limited by the accuracy and precision of agricultural production and price data. While these data can illustrate rough comparisons and trends over time, rigid score comparisons and rankings are discouraged. The country-level indices reported here may differ from other calculations of agricultural production due to varying concepts of production, coverage, weights, time reference of data, and methods of calculation. Cereals Received as Food Aid: Data on shipments and receipts of food aid are governed by established accounting procedures and are generally considered to be reliable. These measurements represent the amount of cereals distributed to recipient countries; they are not a measure of consumption. Cereal Fed to Livestock as a Percent of Total Consumption: As with any large and complex data set, there are numerous difficulties involved with maintaining accuracy and standardizing reporting standards across countries and commodities. In general, these data should be considered accurate, but users should exercise the usual caution in attempting to create reliable cross-country comparisons. Calorie Supply: Figures shown here represent only the average calorie supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually consumed by individuals. Even if data are used as approximations of per capita consumption, it is important to note that there is considerable variation in consumption among individuals. Food supply data are only as accurate as the underlying production, trade, and utilization data. SOURCES Total Agricultural Land, Irrigation, Labor, Fertilizer, Mechanization, Food Production Indices, Food Aid, and Calorie Supply: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2004. FAOSTAT on-line statistical service. Rome: FAO. Available at http://apps.fao.org. Organic Cropland as a Percent of Total: Yussefi, M. and Willer, H. (editors). 2004. The World of Organic Agriculture—Statistics and Emerging Trends—2004. Tholey-Theley, Germany: IFOAM. Available at http://www.ifoam.org. Water Withdrawals: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Water Resources, Development and Management Service. 2003. AQUASTAT Information System on Water and Agriculture: Review of World Water Resources by Country. Rome: FAO. Available at http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/ agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.htm. Cereal Fed to Livestock: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service, Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). 2004. Production, Supply and Distribution Data on-line. Washington, DC: USDA. Available at http://www.fas.usda.gov/psd/. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE: TECHNICAL NOTES 223
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS World Resources 2005 is the result of a unique partnership between the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, and the World Resources Institute (WRI). It is the only instance where UN agencies, a multilateral financial institution, and an NGO work together to determine the content, conclusions, and recommendations of a major environmental report. For this eleventh edition in the World Resources series, the World Resources staff gives special thanks to the governments of Norway and Finland through the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development, the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the MacArthur Foundation for their generous financial support of World Resources 2005 and EarthTrends, the companion website to the World Resources series. We thank our Norwegian colleagues at UNEP/GRID- Arendal for their contributions of energy, ideas, and content. We are grateful to our colleagues in the Poverty Environment Partnership (PEP), an informal network of bilateral aid agencies, development banks, UN agencies, and NGOs Their advice and the concepts embodied in the PEP publication “Linking Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management” were important inputs for this volume. Likewise, we acknowledge the intellectual contributions of Jon Anderson and his colleagues at USAID, whose publication “Nature, Wealth, and Power: Emerging Best Practice for Revitalizing Rural Africa” formed one of the foundations of our thinking. Individual Contributions Many individuals contributed to the development of this report by providing written drafts, careful review of manuscripts, data, or expert advice. While final responsibility for the contents rests with the World Resources staff, the report reflects valuable contributions from all of the following individuals. In particular, we wish to thank Mirjam Schomaker (consultant) of UNEP, Kirk Hamilton of The World Bank, Charles McNeill of UNDP, and Otto Simonett (UNEP/GRID-Arendal) for coordinating the input of colleagues from their organizations. We also wish to acknowledge the important intellectual contributions made by Paul Steele of the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), Jon Anderson (USAID), Jan Bojö (World Bank), and Peter Hazelwood (UNDP). In addition, we appreciate the tireless writing and editing efforts of Polly Ghazi, Karen Holmes, and Wendy Vanasselt. Below we detail the individual efforts of our many writers, contributors, and reviewers: Part I The Wealth of the Poor Chapter 1 Nature, Power, and Poverty Main Text: Lead Writers: Paul Steele (consultant), Greg Mock (WRI) Contributors: Yumiko Kura (consultant) Box 1.1: Lead Writer: Emily Cooper (WRI) Box 1.2: Lead Writer: Emily Cooper (WRI) Box 1.3: Lead Writer: Emily Cooper (WRI) Box 1.4: Lead Writers: Amy Cassara (WRI), Daniel Prager (WRI), Paul Steele (consultant) Chapter Editor: Greg Mock (WRI) Reviewers: Jon Anderson (USAID), Anna Ballance (DFID), Jan Bojö (World Bank), Dr Shelton Davis (Georgetown University), Polly Ghazi (consultant), Kirk Hamilton (World Bank), David Jhirad (WRI), Onesmus Mugyenyi (ACODE), Urvashi Narain (RFF), Thierry Oliveira (UNEP), Jennifer Potter (Seattle Initiative for Global Development), Mirjam Schomaker (UNEP consultant), Michael Toman (IADB), Dan Tunstall (WRI) Chapter 2 Ecosystems and Livelihoods of the Poor Main Text: Lead Writers: Daniel Prager (WRI), Greg Mock (WRI) Contributors: Emily Cooper (WRI), Robert Soden (WRI), John Virden (World Bank) Box 2.1: Lead Writer: Daniel Prager (WRI) Contributor: Valerie Thompson (WRI) Box 2.2: Lead Writer: Robert Soden (WRI) Chapter Editor: Greg Mock (WRI) Reviewers: Edmund Barrow (IUCN), Jan Bojö (World Bank), Patti Kristjanson (ILRI), Urvashi Narain (RFF), Mirjam Schomaker (UNEP consultant), Charlie Shackleton (Rhodes University), Sheona Shackleton (Rhodes University), Paul Steele (consultant), Dan Tunstall (WRI) Chapter 3 The Role of Governance Main Text: Lead Writers: Antonio LaViña (WRI), Karen Holmes (consultant) Contributors: Wendy Vanasselt (consultant) Box 3.1: Lead Writer: Karen Holmes (consultant) Box 3.2: Lead Writers: Karen Holmes (consultant), Emily Cooper (WRI) Box 3.3: Lead Writer: Antonio LaViña (WRI) Contributor: Smita Nakhooda (WRI) Chapter Editor: Greg Mock (WRI) Reviewers: Anna Ballance (DFID), John Bruce (World Bank), Max Everest-Phillips (DFID), Mirjam Schomaker (UNEP consultant), Dan Tunstall (WRI) 227
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 United Nations
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 The World Reso
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 ■ Capture Gr
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The Wealth of the
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Box 1.3 HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND PO
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Box 1.3 HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND PO
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BOX 1.4 POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE IN A
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BOX 1.4 POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE IN A
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BOX 3.3 EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES THRO
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Each situation faced by the rural p
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 154 THE MILLEN
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 TABLE 4 SUGGES
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 FRAMEWORK FOR
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WORLD RESOURCES 2005 170 the need f
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Data Tables
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Page 222 and 223: WORLD RESOURCES 2005 248 employment
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