Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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experience the space firsthand, a critical step in adoption of new technology and design solutions. Figure 4 Initial testing of electrochromic glazings in GSA office building in Oakland CA.; left: glazing is clear under dark overcast conditions; right: glazing in lowest transmittance state with direct sun (Lee, et al. 2003). 4.6 The performance of buildings and their infrastructure systems will be more intimately linked to the local or regional electric grid. Sustainable design suggests that more attention be paid to the overall environmental impact of the building. Emissions from electrical energy generation are one of the largest environmental impacts of building operations. Although buildings may appear as standalone objects they are interdependent parts of local, regional and national electric grids, and the gas transmission infrastructure. Recent California experience with electricity shortages and more recently the northeast US experience with a massive power outage reminds us of the consequences of lack of reliable energy supply. More aggressive load management strategies may offer quicker and more cost effective alternatives to building more power plants. California is beginning to provide economic incentives for customers to adopt smarter building control strategies that are responsive to real time price signals from the electric grid. With proposed critical peak pricing programs in California, for 15 to 30 hours per year, with day-ahead notice, electric prices will rise ten-fold for several hours during hot summer days, with offsetting reductions during non- peak periods. Buildings with smart, responsive controls that can minimize electric use but maximize productivity and comfort can benefit from these new rates (Lee et al. 2002). The challenge for facades is to make the critical engineering tradeoffs between cooling and lighting use, while accommodating thermal comfort, glare and satisfaction of users. In these cases building owners might be given capabilities to effectively override the choices of individuals under critical demand response conditions. Responsive systems that are put in place for such price-responsive rates structures would also function well during emergencies caused by natural or man-made disasters or disruptions. 5. CONCLUSIONS There is growing interest in highly glazed building facades, driven by a variety of architectural, aesthetic, business and environmental rationales. 180 Paper: Critical Elements for Future Green Buildings
The environmental rationale appears plausible only if conventional glazing systems are replaced by a new generation of high performance, interactive, intelligent façade systems, that meet the comfort and performance needs of occupants while satisfying owner economic needs and broader societal environmental concerns. The challenge is that new technology, better systems integration using more capable design tools, and smarter building operation are all necessary to meet these goals. The opportunity is to create a new class of buildings that are both environmentally responsible at a regional or global level while providing the amenities and working environments that owners and occupants seek. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by the California Energy Commission through its Public Interest Energy Research Program and by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs, Office of Building Research and Standards of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. REFERENCES ES Lee et al. 2002. High Performance Building Facades, (download at http:// gaia.lbl.gov/hpbf). Andresen, I., M. Thyholt, S. Geissler, and B. Rappl. 2001. “Sustainable Use of Aluminum in Buildings.” SINTEF Report STF22 A015126, SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering, Architecture and Building Technology, Trondheim, December 2001. ISBN: 82-1401918-4. Wigginton, M. & J. Harris. 2002. “Intelligent Skin.” Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. ISBN 0 7506 4847 3. Lee, E.S., et.al. 2002. “Active Load Management with Advanced Window Wall Systems: Research and Industry Perspectives.” Proc. ACEEE 2002 Summer Study Asilomar, CA. LBNL-50855. McConahey, E., P. Haves, and T. Christ. 2002. “The Integration of Engineering and Architecture: a Perspective on Natural Ventilation for the San Francisco Federal Building,” Proc. 2002 ACEEE Summer, Asilomar, CA, LBNL # 51134. Rubinstein, F, S Johnson and P Pettler. 2000. “An Integrated Building Environmental Communications System (IBECS): It’s Not Your Father’s Network,” Proc. 2000 ACEEE Summer Study, Asilomar, CA. Lee, E.S., D.L. DiBartolomeo, F.M. Rubinstein, S.E. Selkowitz. 2003. “Low- Cost Networking for Dynamic Window Systems.”, Berkeley, CA, LBNL# 52198. Lee, E.S., D.L. DiBartolomeo, S.E. Selkowitz. 2000. “Electrochromic windows for commercial buildings: Monitored results from a full-scale testbed,” Proc. ACEEE 2000 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Asilomar, CA. Paper: Critical Elements for Future Green Buildings 181
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Module B1 Study Book Section 1: Cor
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Section 1: Core Module Information
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A warm welcome to the new students;
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Student Feedback Analysis The follo
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work was done. The marks allocated
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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Lecture: Energy Futures Paul Allen
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are not developed fast enough There
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with some coal in Europe, Asia, and
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tell exactly which day we will get
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We must integrate our science and p
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Features Consequences Impacts Table
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disposal (recycling, landfill, inci
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9. Community 10. Business A series
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Background The Building Research Es
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Weighting of Environmental Issues 3
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10 visual comfort 11 olfactory comf
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ESI-3: Net annual consumption of pr
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EcoHomes. 3.9.3 PROPOSED FUTURE REQ
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• The removal of two location spe
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Environmental impact of materials R
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8. Sustainable construction - waste
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Lecture: Nuclear power Damian Randl
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) Fission reactors: the basics For
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The core of a PWR, an open lattice
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a) Mining and extraction 75,000 ton
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further use. Optimists have suggest
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) The economics of nuclear have bee
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wastes deep underground in Britain
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A bigger step is proposed by the Hi
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The evidence of the British Nuclear
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energy efficient as a nation and de
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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elates to the gradual reduction of
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The total of 335 million tonnes in
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of the waste management industry. T
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the targets, where the baseline is
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criteria for the collection, treatm
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system will strive to exploit the u
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This building, the workplace of som
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Energy Consumption Figures: • Act
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Main aspects of the project include
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(i.e. proportions of windows and op
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• Reduction in heat gains from li
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transmission lines. It was complete
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Distribution The Area Boards in Eng
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generation of electricity rose by 8
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electricity demand. The Grid and re
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Source: IEA report • "The maximum
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Time and power rating of various el
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Reducing output from a source that
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In practice: • now around 5% of t
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enewables. In the UK, Ofgem has app
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a) System regulatory barriers: what
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customers of existing electricity s
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http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenerg
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issues of ‘sustainable’ develop
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Towards the Planning White Paper 20
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There is feeling amongst some archi
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eight weeks, but can often take muc
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eaching implications to both budget
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white goods (fridges, washing machi
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and Resources Action Programme (WRA
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Edwards, S (2003) Principle Consult
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Lecture: Getting Something Built Pa
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Page 133 and 134: Section 3: Relevant Papers Waste Mi
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Page 159 and 160: 20 Michael McCarthy, The Independen
Page 161 and 162: Heinberg, Richard. Powerdown: Optio
Page 163 and 164: 2003 Green Building Costs and Finan
Page 165 and 166: How much more do green buildings co
Page 167 and 168: The Report calculates these additio
Page 169 and 170: A 1% increase in productivity (equa
Page 171 and 172: Figure 3 Financial Benefits of Gree
Page 173 and 174: Paper: Advanced Interactive Facades
Page 175 and 176: engaging an industry consortium in
Page 177 and 178: 3. STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EUROPE AND U
Page 179 and 180: analyzed under a range of diverse c
Page 181: 4.4 Innovation will improve hardwar
Page 185 and 186: Student Essay: Ishaq Muhammad Unit:
Page 187 and 188: Source: MidTherm Limited-www.midthe
Page 189 and 190: Analysis The Dining Hall has slopin
Page 191 and 192: equired. Night-time cooling: Yes Oc
Page 193 and 194: temperature within the educational
Page 195 and 196: (Sullivan, 2006). This means the in
Page 197 and 198: Great Britain. DfES. (2006). Buildi
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Page 201 and 202: and energy efficiency. So people bu
Page 203 and 204: Apart from energy labelling, there
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