Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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of 20% by the year 2010, and 60% by the year 2050 based on 1990 levels (Energy White Paper, p7, 2003). Recent studies under the government's Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme suggest that there is likely to be a significant increase in energy consumption related to air conditioning. To meet the targets for reduced carbon emissions it is particularly important to ensure that such systems are as energy efficient as possible. This essay will explore the available research data, literature and a construction project as a case study, In order to assess the performance and comparative benefits of wind catchers over mechanical systems. It will also be investigated that how wind catchers meet the requirements of building regulations affectively to provide required ventilation rate without the use of any energy dependent ventilation system? In order to analyze the performance of the wind catchers a live project of extension at Stalham High School, Norfolk, East of England; has been selected as case study. New classrooms, laboratories, Dining Hall and kitchen are being added in the school. Planning permission has been granted in March 2006, construction is under progress and will be complete by October 2007 (see image 1 to 4). The proposed wind catcher system is chosen at the Dining Hall for analysis. Ventilation analysis in this is limited only to Dining Hall of the school. Operating Principles Traditionally, wind catchers have been around for about 2,000 years ago in Iran (www.answers.com/wind%20catchers, 2007) and still being used in subcontinents and Middle Eastern countries to provide natural ventilation. They were constructed conventionally, from wood-reinforced masonry with openings (louvers) above the building roof with a height ranging from 2m to 20m capturing winds at higher speeds and with less dust (Elmualim, 2006). In modern buildings, the wind catcher systems come in various configurations to suit various building types and requirements, such as solar chimneys. In most of these modern installations the wind catchers terminate at the ceiling level with two to four quadrants acting as supply / extract for the air. Natural ventilation is mainly driven by two mechanisms: • the stack effect • wind pressure (or the ‘wind effect’) 184 Student Essay: Ishaq Muhammad
Source: MidTherm Limited-www.midtherm. limited.co.uk The stack effect arises from the decrease in the density of air as its temperature increases. Generally, internal air will have a higher temperature and therefore it is lighter (lesser dense) than the cooler (denser) outside air. Air Density ∝ 1 Air Temperature If a boundary e.g. a wall separates these two masses of air, the air will flow across the boundary from high to low-pressure regions, resulting the warm air rising up through the quadrants and subsequently expelled. Normally, this provides a flow of air into the lower part of the building and out of the higher part of the building. Wind pressure also influences the ventilation of a building by creating variations in pressure around the building. Variations in pressure are highly dependent on the building form and the wind speed and direction. Typically, as air flows around the terminal itself, positive and negative pressure areas are generated. On the positive side air enters the louvers of the terminal and is directed down into the room below. The negative pressure on the leeward side of the terminal induces air to leave the louvers, and stale air from the room below rises and is expelled from the terminal. The stack effect and wind effect can combine to complement the overall Student Essay: Ishaq Muhammad 185
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Module B1 Study Book Section 1: Cor
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Section 1: Core Module Information
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A warm welcome to the new students;
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Student Feedback Analysis The follo
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work was done. The marks allocated
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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Lecture: Energy Futures Paul Allen
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are not developed fast enough There
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with some coal in Europe, Asia, and
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tell exactly which day we will get
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We must integrate our science and p
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Features Consequences Impacts Table
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disposal (recycling, landfill, inci
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9. Community 10. Business A series
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Background The Building Research Es
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Weighting of Environmental Issues 3
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10 visual comfort 11 olfactory comf
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ESI-3: Net annual consumption of pr
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EcoHomes. 3.9.3 PROPOSED FUTURE REQ
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• The removal of two location spe
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Environmental impact of materials R
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8. Sustainable construction - waste
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Lecture: Nuclear power Damian Randl
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) Fission reactors: the basics For
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The core of a PWR, an open lattice
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a) Mining and extraction 75,000 ton
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further use. Optimists have suggest
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) The economics of nuclear have bee
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wastes deep underground in Britain
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A bigger step is proposed by the Hi
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The evidence of the British Nuclear
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energy efficient as a nation and de
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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elates to the gradual reduction of
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The total of 335 million tonnes in
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of the waste management industry. T
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the targets, where the baseline is
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criteria for the collection, treatm
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system will strive to exploit the u
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This building, the workplace of som
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Energy Consumption Figures: • Act
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Main aspects of the project include
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(i.e. proportions of windows and op
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• Reduction in heat gains from li
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transmission lines. It was complete
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Distribution The Area Boards in Eng
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generation of electricity rose by 8
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electricity demand. The Grid and re
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Source: IEA report • "The maximum
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Time and power rating of various el
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Reducing output from a source that
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In practice: • now around 5% of t
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enewables. In the UK, Ofgem has app
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a) System regulatory barriers: what
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customers of existing electricity s
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http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenerg
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issues of ‘sustainable’ develop
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Towards the Planning White Paper 20
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There is feeling amongst some archi
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eight weeks, but can often take muc
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eaching implications to both budget
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white goods (fridges, washing machi
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and Resources Action Programme (WRA
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Edwards, S (2003) Principle Consult
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Lecture: Getting Something Built Pa
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trade contractor to start and futur
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Section 3: Relevant Papers Waste Mi
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Page 139 and 140: minimising environmental impact (in
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Page 159 and 160: 20 Michael McCarthy, The Independen
Page 161 and 162: Heinberg, Richard. Powerdown: Optio
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Page 179 and 180: analyzed under a range of diverse c
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Page 185: Student Essay: Ishaq Muhammad Unit:
Page 189 and 190: Analysis The Dining Hall has slopin
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Page 193 and 194: temperature within the educational
Page 195 and 196: (Sullivan, 2006). This means the in
Page 197 and 198: Great Britain. DfES. (2006). Buildi
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Page 201 and 202: and energy efficiency. So people bu
Page 203 and 204: Apart from energy labelling, there
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Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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