Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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Pumps & Heat: In order for the spa water to be heated the water must be moving through the heater. There are 2 main ways that this is achieved: • One of the main pumps will be activated at a slower speed in order to pump water through the heater and the filters. • A separate , much smaller circulation pump will be installed to constantly push water through the heater and filters, even when the heater is not activated. These tend to operate silently in the background. Pumps & Filtration Most spas turn one of the main pumps on to run regular filter cycles. This pulls the water through the filters to clean up the water quality. Filtration Filtration is important in spas as the filter performance will dictate how well the spa filters out undissolved wastes without the intervention of chemicals. Well-filtered water will stay clearer for longer. Filtration performance is dependant upon Size (surface area) of the filter/s Particulate size of the filter/s The flow rates (the amount of water being pulled through or “skimmed” through the filter/s) The continuity of filtration (how long the filter cycles are activated for per day) Spa Insulation Insulation is a subject which is talked about a lot by spa manufacturers and retailers and many different insulation methods are used. Unfortunately no comparison testing between the various types has been done. Types of insulation are: insulation of the shell with foam, overall foam in the space between the shell and the cabinet panels, special insulation sheeting covering the cabinet panels. Lighting. Modern systems include LED multicoloured options which randomly scroll through the colour spectrum. LED lighting is much less costly (around 90% cheaper) than standard incandescent bulbs and the bulbs last much longer (typically 5-10 thousand hours). Water Treatment Systems: Ozone produced by UV or CD(Corono Discharge) ozonators is bubbled into the water stream inside the plumbing system. Any organism which it comes into contact with is zapped immediately. Ozone also breaks down (or ‘oxidises’) other biological wastes in the water (i.e the stuff that forms scum lines and tide marks!). CD units tend to be more efficient. A UV tube becomes less efficient with time because dirt in the air builds up on the bulb and the amount of UV light being emitted decreases. The discharge electrodes in a CD unit have a far longer lifespan than a UV tube. CD ozonators also typically produce a lot more ozone than UV units and require less power in the process. 206 Student Essay: Mirjam Lytton-Lange
Air Blowers: Some spas are equipped with air blowers which are plumbed to a multitude of air jets around the spa. When switched on, the air system produces the typical jacuzzi bubbling water effect. Appendix 2 Comparing hot tubs to fridges/freezers • The total yearly energy consumption of all fridges and freezers in the UK is 16,000 GwH (Market Transformation Programme ((MTP)), 2006). • The total yearly energy consumption of all UK hot tubs is, depending on the type of hot tub, between 190 GigaWatt per Hour (GwH) and 970 GwH; We put the average at 675 GwH. • In percentage terms, the hot tubs share is 4.22% of total fridges/ freezers group in 2005, possibly growing to 7.38% in 2020 (see below) How this comparison will develop over the next few years is difficult to predict - even when knowing that about 10,000 hot tubs are sold every year, we don’t know how the total amount of hot tubs will grow, as the sales might be more replacement sales than new sales. According to the MTP (2006) the estimated annual energy consumption of fridges and freezers will go down to 12,900 GwH by 2020 (based on more A and A+ rated units). If the total number of hot tubs grows, and assuming that their energy consumption does not change, the difference in annual energy consumption between fridges/freezers and hot tubs will become smaller than the 2005 figures, with the total hot tub UK energy consumption becoming 7.38% of possibly down to ten times less energy consuming than fridges/freezers. Student Essay: Mirjam Lytton-Lange 207
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Module B1 Study Book Section 1: Cor
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Section 1: Core Module Information
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A warm welcome to the new students;
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Student Feedback Analysis The follo
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work was done. The marks allocated
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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Lecture: Energy Futures Paul Allen
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are not developed fast enough There
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with some coal in Europe, Asia, and
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tell exactly which day we will get
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We must integrate our science and p
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Features Consequences Impacts Table
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disposal (recycling, landfill, inci
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9. Community 10. Business A series
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Background The Building Research Es
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Weighting of Environmental Issues 3
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10 visual comfort 11 olfactory comf
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ESI-3: Net annual consumption of pr
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EcoHomes. 3.9.3 PROPOSED FUTURE REQ
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• The removal of two location spe
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Environmental impact of materials R
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8. Sustainable construction - waste
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Lecture: Nuclear power Damian Randl
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) Fission reactors: the basics For
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The core of a PWR, an open lattice
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a) Mining and extraction 75,000 ton
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further use. Optimists have suggest
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) The economics of nuclear have bee
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wastes deep underground in Britain
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A bigger step is proposed by the Hi
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The evidence of the British Nuclear
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energy efficient as a nation and de
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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elates to the gradual reduction of
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The total of 335 million tonnes in
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of the waste management industry. T
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the targets, where the baseline is
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criteria for the collection, treatm
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system will strive to exploit the u
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This building, the workplace of som
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Energy Consumption Figures: • Act
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Main aspects of the project include
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(i.e. proportions of windows and op
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• Reduction in heat gains from li
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transmission lines. It was complete
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Distribution The Area Boards in Eng
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generation of electricity rose by 8
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electricity demand. The Grid and re
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Source: IEA report • "The maximum
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Time and power rating of various el
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Reducing output from a source that
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In practice: • now around 5% of t
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enewables. In the UK, Ofgem has app
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a) System regulatory barriers: what
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customers of existing electricity s
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http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenerg
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issues of ‘sustainable’ develop
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Towards the Planning White Paper 20
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There is feeling amongst some archi
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eight weeks, but can often take muc
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eaching implications to both budget
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white goods (fridges, washing machi
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and Resources Action Programme (WRA
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Edwards, S (2003) Principle Consult
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Lecture: Getting Something Built Pa
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trade contractor to start and futur
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Section 3: Relevant Papers Waste Mi
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industry has placed waste reduction
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The trend in the design constructio
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minimising environmental impact (in
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ordination. Building Services Journ
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this threat that is real and yet in
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obliged now to begin planning for t
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and plant species ― from bacteria
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oil and natural gas, and some coal)
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challenging to determine what the h
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Just as it is morally obligatory to
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The cultures and religious traditio
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Page 177 and 178: 3. STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EUROPE AND U
Page 179 and 180: analyzed under a range of diverse c
Page 181 and 182: 4.4 Innovation will improve hardwar
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Page 185 and 186: Student Essay: Ishaq Muhammad Unit:
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Page 189 and 190: Analysis The Dining Hall has slopin
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Page 195 and 196: (Sullivan, 2006). This means the in
Page 197 and 198: Great Britain. DfES. (2006). Buildi
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Page 201 and 202: and energy efficiency. So people bu
Page 203 and 204: Apart from energy labelling, there
Page 205 and 206: what is worse, it is possible to re
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Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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