Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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1. How nuclear power works NB Apologies to experts: simplified ‘catch-up’ for the non-specialist . . a) Fission All atoms have a nucleus in the middle, consisting of protons and neutrons. When a free-flying Uranium neutron [ignore why it might be free-flying!] hits another atom of Uranium, under certain conditions it splits into two roughly equal parts. The atom was held together by what are called ‘strong nuclear forces’ [actually electrical energy]. When this energy is released - first as kinetic energy, then as heat, as the particles collide with surrounding material - it is many million times the energy of the combustion of a fossil fuel. This split of an atom releases neutrons, and these can go on to split other atoms. If you organise and control it right, you get a chain reaction, with each split producing free-flying neutrons which go on to split other atoms - producing enormous amounts of energy. At the same time, other particles are produced, thus in a nuclear accident you can die from the explosive effects of the release of energy [being blown up] or from the impact of ‘radiation’ from these other particles. You can work out how much energy has been released by the fission of a uranium atom by comparing its final mass [ie how much is left after all the fissions have happened] with its initial mass. It will have lost just over 20% of its mass. This tells us [don’t worry how!] that it will have produced about 200 MeV [million electronvolts]. ie 3.2 x 10-11 joules, ie a VERY small amount of energy, per fission. But in, 1 tonne of uranium U-235, there are 2.56 x 1027 atoms, so we get: 2.56 x 1027 x 3.2 x 10-11 joules = 82 x 8215 joules = 82 PJ [petajoules]. Britain consumes about 10 EJ [exa = 1000 x peta] of energy each year coal, gas, etc]. So [ignoring losses for the moment], 1 tonne of U-235 gives: 82/10,000 = 1/121 of our annual needs. That’s why it is attractive! 44 Lecture: Nuclear Power
) Fission reactors: the basics For a controlled nuclear reaction, from which you want to extract and use the heat, you need fuel, a ‘moderator’, a coolant, and control mechanisms. Fuel Natural uranium consists of two ‘types’, or isotopes: mainly U-238 (99+%), and U-235
Page 1 and 2: Module B1 Study Book Section 1: Cor
Page 3 and 4: Section 1: Core Module Information
Page 5 and 6: A warm welcome to the new students;
Page 7 and 8: Student Feedback Analysis The follo
Page 9 and 10: work was done. The marks allocated
Page 11 and 12: 5. Is any unfairness justified by t
Page 13 and 14: Lecture: Energy Futures Paul Allen
Page 15 and 16: are not developed fast enough There
Page 17 and 18: with some coal in Europe, Asia, and
Page 19 and 20: tell exactly which day we will get
Page 21 and 22: We must integrate our science and p
Page 23 and 24: Features Consequences Impacts Table
Page 25 and 26: disposal (recycling, landfill, inci
Page 27 and 28: 9. Community 10. Business A series
Page 29 and 30: Background The Building Research Es
Page 31 and 32: Weighting of Environmental Issues 3
Page 33 and 34: 10 visual comfort 11 olfactory comf
Page 35 and 36: ESI-3: Net annual consumption of pr
Page 37 and 38: EcoHomes. 3.9.3 PROPOSED FUTURE REQ
Page 39 and 40: • The removal of two location spe
Page 41 and 42: Environmental impact of materials R
Page 43 and 44: 8. Sustainable construction - waste
Page 45: Lecture: Nuclear power Damian Randl
Page 49 and 50: The core of a PWR, an open lattice
Page 51 and 52: a) Mining and extraction 75,000 ton
Page 53 and 54: further use. Optimists have suggest
Page 55 and 56: ) The economics of nuclear have bee
Page 57 and 58: wastes deep underground in Britain
Page 59 and 60: A bigger step is proposed by the Hi
Page 61 and 62: The evidence of the British Nuclear
Page 63 and 64: energy efficient as a nation and de
Page 65 and 66: 5. Is any unfairness justified by t
Page 67 and 68: elates to the gradual reduction of
Page 69 and 70: The total of 335 million tonnes in
Page 71 and 72: of the waste management industry. T
Page 73 and 74: the targets, where the baseline is
Page 75 and 76: criteria for the collection, treatm
Page 77 and 78: system will strive to exploit the u
Page 79 and 80: This building, the workplace of som
Page 81 and 82: Energy Consumption Figures: • Act
Page 83 and 84: Main aspects of the project include
Page 85 and 86: (i.e. proportions of windows and op
Page 87 and 88: • Reduction in heat gains from li
Page 89 and 90: transmission lines. It was complete
Page 91 and 92: Distribution The Area Boards in Eng
Page 93 and 94: generation of electricity rose by 8
Page 95 and 96: electricity demand. The Grid and re
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Source: IEA report • "The maximum
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Time and power rating of various el
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Reducing output from a source that
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In practice: • now around 5% of t
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enewables. In the UK, Ofgem has app
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a) System regulatory barriers: what
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customers of existing electricity s
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http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenerg
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issues of ‘sustainable’ develop
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Towards the Planning White Paper 20
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There is feeling amongst some archi
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eight weeks, but can often take muc
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eaching implications to both budget
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white goods (fridges, washing machi
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and Resources Action Programme (WRA
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Edwards, S (2003) Principle Consult
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Lecture: Getting Something Built Pa
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trade contractor to start and futur
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Section 3: Relevant Papers Waste Mi
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industry has placed waste reduction
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The trend in the design constructio
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minimising environmental impact (in
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ordination. Building Services Journ
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this threat that is real and yet in
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obliged now to begin planning for t
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and plant species ― from bacteria
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oil and natural gas, and some coal)
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challenging to determine what the h
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Just as it is morally obligatory to
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The cultures and religious traditio
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since they will depend upon their n
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20 Michael McCarthy, The Independen
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Heinberg, Richard. Powerdown: Optio
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2003 Green Building Costs and Finan
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How much more do green buildings co
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The Report calculates these additio
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A 1% increase in productivity (equa
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Figure 3 Financial Benefits of Gree
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Paper: Advanced Interactive Facades
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engaging an industry consortium in
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3. STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EUROPE AND U
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analyzed under a range of diverse c
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4.4 Innovation will improve hardwar
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The environmental rationale appears
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Student Essay: Ishaq Muhammad Unit:
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Source: MidTherm Limited-www.midthe
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Analysis The Dining Hall has slopin
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equired. Night-time cooling: Yes Oc
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temperature within the educational
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(Sullivan, 2006). This means the in
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Great Britain. DfES. (2006). Buildi
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• to pump the water through the p
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and energy efficiency. So people bu
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Apart from energy labelling, there
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what is worse, it is possible to re
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Tacoma Power, Tacoma Public Utiliti
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Air Blowers: Some spas are equipped
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Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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