Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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Lecture: What we’d BETTA do: Britain’s power system, & how it might change Written by Damian Randle, Open University & CAT-UEL. Original date: March 2006 revised Feb 2007 Our most successful project so far: When we dug the footing for the turbine, we struck oil Abstract a) Where did the National Grid come from, and what does it do? b) Can the grid cope with renewables? c) Should we change radically, in the direction of decentralised supply? Workbook discussion questions at the end. A: The national grid With thanks to Boyle et al & Boyle. Development The grid was set up by act of parliament, under the new Central Electricity Board, in 1926. Initially, its job was to interconnect the most efficient [ie largest, generally] generating stations in Great by means of high voltage 86 Lecture: Britains Power System
transmission lines. It was completed in 1934, standardized on 50-cycle AC, with only 140 stations from the original 438 still operating. Generation costs fell by 24%: a triumph of central planning! With nationalization in 1947, the private and municipal electricity undertakings were amalgamated into Area Electricity Boards, and 240 volts AC was chosen as the ‘standard’ UK distribution. From 1957 onwards the state-owned Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) both owned and coordinated electricity generation in England and Wales. Scale The centralization process led to the development of larger generating units with higher efficiencies and lower staffing costs. Battersea power station in London, when it was commissioned in 1934 contained a 105 MW steam turbine and generator, then the largest set in Europe. By the 1970s single turbine generator sets of over 600 MW were being used in the UK, and over 1000 MW in the US. There were exceptions like Battersea, but, generally, new stations were concentrated near the coal fields, a trend later also driven by pollution legislation. A 1 GW coal-fired power station requires about 10 000 tonnes of coal [ten large, slow, train-loads] a day to keep it going: they also needed to be kept as far away as possible from the rest of the rail network. Most of the country’s electricity was ‘coal by wire’. With rising size of station, there was also increasing steam temperatures and pressures and therefore rising generation efficiency. Coal-fired stations in England and Wales increased their average efficiencies from about 17% in 1932 to 27% in 1960 and to 36% in 2000, after which it has flattened out. New fuels Falling oil prices in the 1950’s and 60’s prompted plans for new oil-fired power stations. Unfortunately, the first ones came on stream shortly before the oil price rose dramatically. One, enormous, station at Grain in the Thames estuary was never fully completed and remains virtually unused today. Civil nuclear power began in 1956 with Calder Hall station, Chapelcross in 1959, and then nine more Magnox stations were commissioned between 1962 and 1971. Later stations were Advanced Gas Cooled (AGR) reactors and Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) Natural gas was little used in UK power stations until the ‘dash for gas’ of the 1990s. Transmission and distribution Britain was fortunate that power generation on the grid was standardized so early. Building the system of pylons, cables, transformers, etc, was slow, partly because of the planning laws, but by 1933 4800 km of 132 kV transmission lines had been built. One of the biggest benefits was that, with the greater flexibility of operation, a failure in one station did not mean black out. On the Lecture: Britains Power System 87
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Module B1 Study Book Section 1: Cor
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Section 1: Core Module Information
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A warm welcome to the new students;
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Student Feedback Analysis The follo
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work was done. The marks allocated
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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Lecture: Energy Futures Paul Allen
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are not developed fast enough There
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with some coal in Europe, Asia, and
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tell exactly which day we will get
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We must integrate our science and p
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Features Consequences Impacts Table
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disposal (recycling, landfill, inci
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9. Community 10. Business A series
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Background The Building Research Es
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Weighting of Environmental Issues 3
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10 visual comfort 11 olfactory comf
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ESI-3: Net annual consumption of pr
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Page 39 and 40: • The removal of two location spe
Page 41 and 42: Environmental impact of materials R
Page 43 and 44: 8. Sustainable construction - waste
Page 45 and 46: Lecture: Nuclear power Damian Randl
Page 47 and 48: ) Fission reactors: the basics For
Page 49 and 50: The core of a PWR, an open lattice
Page 51 and 52: a) Mining and extraction 75,000 ton
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Page 81 and 82: Energy Consumption Figures: • Act
Page 83 and 84: Main aspects of the project include
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Page 91 and 92: Distribution The Area Boards in Eng
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Page 95 and 96: electricity demand. The Grid and re
Page 97 and 98: Source: IEA report • "The maximum
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Page 103 and 104: In practice: • now around 5% of t
Page 105 and 106: enewables. In the UK, Ofgem has app
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Page 109 and 110: customers of existing electricity s
Page 111 and 112: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenerg
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Page 115 and 116: Towards the Planning White Paper 20
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Page 133 and 134: Section 3: Relevant Papers Waste Mi
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minimising environmental impact (in
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ordination. Building Services Journ
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this threat that is real and yet in
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obliged now to begin planning for t
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and plant species ― from bacteria
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oil and natural gas, and some coal)
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challenging to determine what the h
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Just as it is morally obligatory to
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The cultures and religious traditio
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since they will depend upon their n
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20 Michael McCarthy, The Independen
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Heinberg, Richard. Powerdown: Optio
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2003 Green Building Costs and Finan
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How much more do green buildings co
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The Report calculates these additio
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A 1% increase in productivity (equa
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Figure 3 Financial Benefits of Gree
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Paper: Advanced Interactive Facades
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engaging an industry consortium in
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3. STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EUROPE AND U
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analyzed under a range of diverse c
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4.4 Innovation will improve hardwar
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The environmental rationale appears
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Student Essay: Ishaq Muhammad Unit:
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Source: MidTherm Limited-www.midthe
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Analysis The Dining Hall has slopin
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equired. Night-time cooling: Yes Oc
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temperature within the educational
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(Sullivan, 2006). This means the in
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Great Britain. DfES. (2006). Buildi
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• to pump the water through the p
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and energy efficiency. So people bu
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Apart from energy labelling, there
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what is worse, it is possible to re
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Tacoma Power, Tacoma Public Utiliti
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Air Blowers: Some spas are equipped
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Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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