Module B1 Study Book - the Graduate School of the Environment

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Data obtained by Market Transformation Programme ((MTP)), 2006) and by author, November 2006 From the above we can see that the share of hot tubs grows from 4.22% in 2005 to 7.38% in 2020 2.5 Government regulations Looking at the foregoing we can see that hot tubs do use a large amount of energy, and that is an important issue if you compare their total UK energy consumption with other appliances. This highlights the need for government regulations which would influence manufacturers and inform consumers. Currently manufacturers do not clearly identify the efficiency of their products, and no baseline exists to measure products against, which can result in the misselling or at the least misinforming consumers. Further, regulations should be established for hot tub manufacturing. Which government body should be taking action in this matter? The MTP is part of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and supports UK government policy on sustainable products. Its aim is to achieve sustainable improvements in the resource efficiency of products, systems and services where these are critical to the delivery of Government commitments in areas including climate change, water efficiency and waste reduction (MTP, 2006, online)). MTP manage the UK energy labelling which we see within retail for white goods. According to a spokesperson for the MTP (Evans, MTP, telephone conversation in October 2006), the high energy usage of hot tubs has only recently come to the attention of the MTP, but no action has been taken yet. The EU energy labelling is to be revised next year, and the UK is proposing to widen the amount of products with energy labelling hopefully to include hot tubs. To get exact information on the amount of hot tubs in the UK, the MTP would (at high cost) have to purchase market information from a market research company. This is the same for all commercial products, as manufacturers are very secretive about sales figures. 200 Student Essay: Mirjam Lytton-Lange
Apart from energy labelling, there is also another way of assessing products. The Eco Design of Energy Using Products Directive is introducing Minimum Environmental Performance Standards (MEPS). The aim is to take the worst performing products of a product category off the market. However, this is only applicable if total EU sales per year are more than 200,000. In the case of hot tubs we have to assume that with about 10-15,000 annual sales in the UK, the total for the rest of the EU will not be in excess of 200,000 (DEFRA 2006 online). It does seem strange that the above directive only takes into account numbers of products sold without taking into account the value of the product and the energy consumption per product. Ideally, energy labelling and MEPS should highlight the worst performing hot tubs and stop their production. The information of energy labelling would show consumers the true cost of a hot tub over its lifetime, and will help them to make a more informed purchasing decision. The challenge is to compare energy consumption, taking into account the many variables that influence the performance. The basic testing procedures have to set fixed parameters for: • ambient temperature (eg. average UK annual temperature is 9°C); • water temperature (eg. around 38°C); • filtration settings of the pump(s) (eg constant or specific amount of time per hour); • heating setting of the pump(s) (eg constant regulated by thermostat or limited specific amount of time per hour); • usage (eg half an hour, 6 days a week). With these parameters set, the differences in energy efficiency will come from: • volume of water in the hot tub (approximate range between 800 and 1800 litres); • cover type/thickness (approximate range between 5 and 15 cm); • type and efficiency of pumps (eg separate small pump for heating only is more energy efficient); • shell insulation (thickness of foam around the acrylic shell); • type of additional insulation (ranges from no insulation to special insulation guards or full foam); • availability of timers (eg sleepmode for nighttime or other downtime). 3. The future: Reducing energy consumption and introducing renewable energy solutions 3.1 Manufacturers Manufacturers of hot tubs are working on more energy efficient versions through panel insulation, pump and heater types, settings, and covers. However, they do not have any plans at the moment to develop hot tubs with sources of renewable energy, or develop hot tubs that can be connected to Student Essay: Mirjam Lytton-Lange 201
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Module B1 Study Book Section 1: Cor
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Section 1: Core Module Information
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A warm welcome to the new students;
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Student Feedback Analysis The follo
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work was done. The marks allocated
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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Lecture: Energy Futures Paul Allen
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are not developed fast enough There
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with some coal in Europe, Asia, and
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tell exactly which day we will get
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We must integrate our science and p
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Features Consequences Impacts Table
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disposal (recycling, landfill, inci
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9. Community 10. Business A series
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Background The Building Research Es
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Weighting of Environmental Issues 3
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10 visual comfort 11 olfactory comf
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ESI-3: Net annual consumption of pr
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EcoHomes. 3.9.3 PROPOSED FUTURE REQ
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• The removal of two location spe
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Environmental impact of materials R
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8. Sustainable construction - waste
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Lecture: Nuclear power Damian Randl
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) Fission reactors: the basics For
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The core of a PWR, an open lattice
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a) Mining and extraction 75,000 ton
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further use. Optimists have suggest
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) The economics of nuclear have bee
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wastes deep underground in Britain
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A bigger step is proposed by the Hi
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The evidence of the British Nuclear
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energy efficient as a nation and de
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5. Is any unfairness justified by t
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elates to the gradual reduction of
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The total of 335 million tonnes in
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of the waste management industry. T
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the targets, where the baseline is
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criteria for the collection, treatm
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system will strive to exploit the u
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This building, the workplace of som
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Energy Consumption Figures: • Act
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Main aspects of the project include
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(i.e. proportions of windows and op
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• Reduction in heat gains from li
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transmission lines. It was complete
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Distribution The Area Boards in Eng
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generation of electricity rose by 8
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electricity demand. The Grid and re
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Source: IEA report • "The maximum
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Time and power rating of various el
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Reducing output from a source that
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In practice: • now around 5% of t
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enewables. In the UK, Ofgem has app
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a) System regulatory barriers: what
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customers of existing electricity s
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http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenerg
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issues of ‘sustainable’ develop
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Towards the Planning White Paper 20
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There is feeling amongst some archi
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eight weeks, but can often take muc
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eaching implications to both budget
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white goods (fridges, washing machi
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and Resources Action Programme (WRA
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Edwards, S (2003) Principle Consult
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Lecture: Getting Something Built Pa
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trade contractor to start and futur
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Section 3: Relevant Papers Waste Mi
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industry has placed waste reduction
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The trend in the design constructio
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minimising environmental impact (in
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ordination. Building Services Journ
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this threat that is real and yet in
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obliged now to begin planning for t
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and plant species ― from bacteria
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oil and natural gas, and some coal)
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Page 177 and 178: 3. STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EUROPE AND U
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Page 181 and 182: 4.4 Innovation will improve hardwar
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Page 189 and 190: Analysis The Dining Hall has slopin
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Page 193 and 194: temperature within the educational
Page 195 and 196: (Sullivan, 2006). This means the in
Page 197 and 198: Great Britain. DfES. (2006). Buildi
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Page 201: and energy efficiency. So people bu
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Page 207 and 208: Tacoma Power, Tacoma Public Utiliti
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