The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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118 charred barley are concentrated in the archipelagos and in eastern and southeastern Scotland, and they suggest that barley was grown from about 3700 BC. Most of the dates obtained from cattle bones come from Orkney, and they seem to show that the practice of depositing these bones at settlements and other sites started about 3500 BC (ibid.: 127- 129). The large timber house or hall from Balbridie, Aberdeenshire as well as a similar construction from Claish Farm, Stirling, may have been built in the first or second quarter of the 4th Millenium BC. 14C dates from the stone-built houses of Knap of Howar, Papa Westray, Orkney, suggest that they were constructed about 3500 BC (ibid.: 133). When the statistical ‘weakness’ of the 14C dates is considered there is no evidence that chambered tombs were built in Scotland before about 3700 BC. A human bone from Tulloch of Assery A, Caithness, has yielded a date between 3950 and 3300 BC, and an animal bone from at Tulloch of Assery B has yielded a date between 3990 and 3520 (Ashmore 2004: 130). These dates are from chamber deposits, and they do not date the construction of the tomb, but the use of the tomb, even though they could mark an early use of the tomb. There are other 14C dates from Scottish megalithic tombs that suggest the same time for (early) use of the chambers, including Tulach an t-Sionnaich; that is the time around 3500 BC (Davidson & Henshall 1991: 83-84; Ashmore 1996: 29-33). It seems difficult to say whether there was a delay of the Neolitization of Shetland as to mainland Scotland. Since some of the megalithic tombs of Shetland seem related to these of Caithness they may have been built within the same period of time. What we need is more precise dates for the long cairn extensions of Caithness. Then we would perhaps be able to give a clearer estimate of when the Shetlanders ‘jumped off’ the development. Would the years around 3400 BC be a compromise for the time being, or perhaps a century later Was it from then that Shetland became increasingly isolated, when not introducing long cairns Other questions remain. Would it be possible to include other evidence of contacts or lack of contacts in order to confirm such possible dates, for instance the presence or absence of exotic lithics in Shetland. As mentioned above the possibility remains that the absence of long cairns was not due to isolation but as a deliberate choice by the Shetlanders. However, it is the hope of the present author that this analysis of megalith typology and the evidence of multi-period construction could make a small contribution to the discussion of the cultural processes and connections of the Neolithic societies at the border.
119 Bibliography Andersen, S.H. & Johansen, E., 1992: An Early Neolithic Grave at Bjørnsholm, North Jutland. Journal of Danish Archaeology 9, 1990 (1992): 38-58. Ashmore, P.J., 1996: Neolithic and Bronze Age Scotland, Historic Scotland, London. Ashmore, P.J., 2004: Absolute chronology. Scotland in Ancient Europe. The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Scotland in their European Context. Shepherd, I.A.G. & Barclay, G.J. (eds.), Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh: 125-136. Ballin, T.B., 2011: The Post-Glacial Colonization of Shetland – Integration or Isolation Evidence from Lithic and Stone Assemblages. Farming on the edge: Cultural Landscapes of the North, 2011: Short papers from the network meeting in Lerwick, Shetland September 7 th -10 th 2010. Mahler, D.L. & Andersen, C. (eds.), Northern Worlds, the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen: 32-43. Calder, C.S.T., 1963: Cairns, Neolithic houses and burnt mounds in Shetland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland XCVI: 37-86. Corcoran, J.X.W.P., 1966: The Excavation of Three Chambered Cairns at Loch Calder, Caithness. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland XCVIII: 1-75. Corcoran, J.X.W.P., 1972: Multi-Period Construction and the Origins of the Chambered Long Cairns in Western Britain and Ireland. Prehistoric Man in Wales and the West, essays in honour of Lily F. Chitty. Lynch, F. & Burgess, C. (eds.), Adams & Dart, Bath, Somerset: 31-63. Davidson, J.L. & Hanshall, A.S., 1989: The Chambered Cairns of Orkney, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Davidson, J.L. & Hanshall, A.S., 1991: The Chambered Cairns of Caithness, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Dehn, T. & Hansen, S.I., 2006: Birch bark in Danish passage graves. Journal of Danish Archaeology 14, 2006: 23-44. Dehn, T, Hansen, S.I. & Kaul, F., 2000: Klekkendehøj og Jordehøj. Restaureringer og undersøgelser 1985-90, Stenaldergrave i Danmark Bind 2, Nationalmuseet, Skov- og Naturstyrelsen, Copenhagen. Ebbesen, K., 1985: Fortidsminderegistrering i Danmark, Fredningsstyrelsen, Copenhagen. Nordlige Verdener Shetlandsprojekt
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The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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Contents • Foreword H. C. Gulløv
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different parts of Scandinavia and
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7 2011; Melton 2008; 2009; Melton &
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9 consists of just a handful of sma
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11 Fig. 1: Possibly the earliest me
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13 knives, found in a long ‘knoll
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15 Fig. 4: Potsherds from Modesty.
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17 settlement was not recorded in d
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19 Among the many outstanding quest
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21 Fig. 7: Undecorated, uncarinated
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23 Fig. 8: Top: cushion macehead, S
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25 carbon dates suggest that House
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27 monument (Henshall 1963) - which
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29 Fig. 10: Notional sequence of fu
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31 it is anticipated that the resea
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33 zons. Papers Presented at the Se
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35 RCAHMS (Royal Commission on the
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37 Pinhoulland - a multi period sit
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39 general which could be interpret
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41 Fig. 3: Map of the area around P
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43 Most of the house structures are
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45 Photo Ditlev L. Mahler. Jarlshof
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47 ± 1 15 14 1 16 18 13 17 12 7 9
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± 49 14 15 16 13 18 14 15 16 17 13
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51 Bennett, K. D. et al. 1992: Holo
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53 Sacred Work: Cultivating the soi
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55 Photographs by the author. Fig 4
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57 Fig. 7: Shetland spade from the
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59 The significance of agrarian too
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61 Lamb, R. & Rees, S. 1981: Ard Cu
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63 like that of Schneiderman-Fox &
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65 Fig. 3: Shetland knife workshop
Page 69 and 70: 67 a list of rituals to be carried
Page 71 and 72: 69 (hollow-edged), profile category
Page 73 and 74: 71 35 30 TN - far from Bømlo 25 20
Page 75 and 76: Cambrian flint Southern Scottish ch
Page 77 and 78: 75 flint and some Arran pitchstone,
Page 79 and 80: 77 [http://www.sair.org.uk/sair17/i
Page 81 and 82: 79 Axes from islands: the role of s
Page 83 and 84: 81 material but there were a couple
Page 85 and 86: 83 A centre of island life, axe pro
Page 87 and 88: 85 dal 1998: 61). It is clear that
Page 89 and 90: 87 as larger ones were being produc
Page 91 and 92: 89 the tool pre-forms or rough-outs
Page 93 and 94: 91 During September 2011, following
Page 95 and 96: 93 Fig. 11: Knive workshop at easte
Page 97 and 98: 95 support a symbolic interpretatio
Page 99 and 100: 97 farming: an extended broad spect
Page 101 and 102: 99 Ritchie, P.R. 1992: Stone axehea
Page 103 and 104: 101 Age societies reached this poin
Page 105 and 106: 103 F. Kaul Photo. Culture. In Sout
Page 107 and 108: 105 monumental passage tombs, a sma
Page 109 and 110: 107 F. Kaul Photo. Fig. 6: Dæmpe g
Page 111 and 112: 109 Fig. 7: Plan drawing of the mul
Page 113 and 114: 111 Fig. 11: Tulach an t-Sionnaich,
Page 115 and 116: 113 Among the remarkably few horned
Page 117 and 118: 115 Fig. 14: Plan drawing of the Ne
Page 119: 117 just before the time when the C
Page 123 and 124: 121 Madsen, A.P., 1896: Gravhøje o
Page 125 and 126: 123 Norway - the first remains of f
Page 127 and 128: 125 Fig. 4: The northernmost house
Page 129 and 130: 127 Børsheim 2005: 115, 116 fig. 4
Page 131 and 132: 129 scarce in Norway, and they are
Page 133 and 134: 131 Bibliography Arntzen, J. 2010 a
Page 135 and 136: 133 Introduction As introduced else
Page 137 and 138: 135 Generally we speak of six diffe
Page 139 and 140: 137 earlier. In this respect the co
Page 141 and 142: 139 coming up the British West coas
Page 143 and 144: 141 Grønnow, B. 2004: Saqqaqkultur
Page 145 and 146: 143 The heel shaped cain on the isl
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