The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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56 Fig. 6: Hand-held tools from Scord of Brouster and Sandsting (ARC 8056). Could these have been used to break up clods sions into stone structures at Neolithic and Bronze Age settlement sites. They appear together at the Scord of Brouster as early as 3500 BC (2006: 111,130). This practice may allude to the important social value of these agricultural tools to the people who relied on them. The profile of other stone tools in the Scord of Brouster assemblage lend themselves to be hand-held and may have been practical for breaking up clods on very small plots (see fig. 6). This would have been arduous work, but work was most likely done in groups. Wooden and bone tools From the Neolithic period, as noted above, tilling of the soil was done by ard, but recent evidence also suggests that, by the Bronze Age, some turning of the soil was done by other tools. Spades are almost absent from the archaeological record but inferential evidence for their use is observed in ancient field systems. Grooves in the Bronze Age subsoil during excavations at Cornwall, in southern Britain, suggest the soil appears to have been broken by a spade or hoe rather than the ard (Rees 1979: 329; Lerche & Steenberg 1980: 63). Similar ridges and furrows dating to 1500 BC have been uncovered in areas of blanketbog in Western Ireland (Mitchell 1978: 27). Likewise, similar evidence was noted in Iron Age field systems in Denmark (Lerche & Steenberg 1980: 63). In Scotland, patches of cord rig, that resemble miniature rig-and-furrow, have been revealed in Iron Age field systems; these appear to have been hand dug (Armit & Ralston 2005: 190). Photographs by the author. Further north in Shetland, excavations of a Bronze Age house at Mavis Grind revealed features similar to spade-dug lazy beds, dug through several centimetres of accumulating peat (Cracknell & Smith 1985: 91). Also, recent excavations at Old Scatness revealed marks in the sub-soil which were shorter and less sharp in profile than ard furrows – these
57 Fig. 7: Shetland spade from the Late Iron Age period. Fig. 8: Iron Age clod breaker found buried with the wooden spade in Fig. 7 (ARC 65122). Photograph by Lizzie Ratter. Photograph by the author. suggest spade use in an Early/Middle Iron Age context (Dockrill et al. forthcoming). Within the museum collection are two wooden foot-spades and a clod breaker, uncovered from deep moor by people cutting peats on the hillside (see figs. 7 and 8). One of the spades, from the island of Unst, was buried with the clod breaker suggesting these tools were used together. Another spade was buried on the nearby island of Yell. They are all in excellent condition having been perfectly preserved in the anaerobic conditions which peat moor offers. Recent radiocarbon dating showed these tools to be much earlier than previously anticipated. A sample from the Yell spade was sent to the laboratory for dating and returned a date from Shetland’s Late Iron Age period – AD 570±30 (GU23299). The Unst clod breaker was dated a little earlier, 240-400 cal AD (GU23300). Evidence from the field, plus the recent dating of these tools, may suggest that wooden spades could have been used in Shetland since the Bronze Age period. It has been suggested that the spade is more effective than the ard for tilling the soil, in terms of output per acre Nordlige Verdener Shetlandsprojekt
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The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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Contents • Foreword H. C. Gulløv
Page 7 and 8: different parts of Scandinavia and
Page 9 and 10: 7 2011; Melton 2008; 2009; Melton &
Page 11 and 12: 9 consists of just a handful of sma
Page 13 and 14: 11 Fig. 1: Possibly the earliest me
Page 15 and 16: 13 knives, found in a long ‘knoll
Page 17 and 18: 15 Fig. 4: Potsherds from Modesty.
Page 19 and 20: 17 settlement was not recorded in d
Page 21 and 22: 19 Among the many outstanding quest
Page 23 and 24: 21 Fig. 7: Undecorated, uncarinated
Page 25 and 26: 23 Fig. 8: Top: cushion macehead, S
Page 27 and 28: 25 carbon dates suggest that House
Page 29 and 30: 27 monument (Henshall 1963) - which
Page 31 and 32: 29 Fig. 10: Notional sequence of fu
Page 33 and 34: 31 it is anticipated that the resea
Page 35 and 36: 33 zons. Papers Presented at the Se
Page 37 and 38: 35 RCAHMS (Royal Commission on the
Page 39 and 40: 37 Pinhoulland - a multi period sit
Page 41 and 42: 39 general which could be interpret
Page 43 and 44: 41 Fig. 3: Map of the area around P
Page 45 and 46: 43 Most of the house structures are
Page 47 and 48: 45 Photo Ditlev L. Mahler. Jarlshof
Page 49 and 50: 47 ± 1 15 14 1 16 18 13 17 12 7 9
Page 51 and 52: ± 49 14 15 16 13 18 14 15 16 17 13
Page 53 and 54: 51 Bennett, K. D. et al. 1992: Holo
Page 55 and 56: 53 Sacred Work: Cultivating the soi
Page 57: 55 Photographs by the author. Fig 4
Page 61 and 62: 59 The significance of agrarian too
Page 63 and 64: 61 Lamb, R. & Rees, S. 1981: Ard Cu
Page 65 and 66: 63 like that of Schneiderman-Fox &
Page 67 and 68: 65 Fig. 3: Shetland knife workshop
Page 69 and 70: 67 a list of rituals to be carried
Page 71 and 72: 69 (hollow-edged), profile category
Page 73 and 74: 71 35 30 TN - far from Bømlo 25 20
Page 75 and 76: Cambrian flint Southern Scottish ch
Page 77 and 78: 75 flint and some Arran pitchstone,
Page 79 and 80: 77 [http://www.sair.org.uk/sair17/i
Page 81 and 82: 79 Axes from islands: the role of s
Page 83 and 84: 81 material but there were a couple
Page 85 and 86: 83 A centre of island life, axe pro
Page 87 and 88: 85 dal 1998: 61). It is clear that
Page 89 and 90: 87 as larger ones were being produc
Page 91 and 92: 89 the tool pre-forms or rough-outs
Page 93 and 94: 91 During September 2011, following
Page 95 and 96: 93 Fig. 11: Knive workshop at easte
Page 97 and 98: 95 support a symbolic interpretatio
Page 99 and 100: 97 farming: an extended broad spect
Page 101 and 102: 99 Ritchie, P.R. 1992: Stone axehea
Page 103 and 104: 101 Age societies reached this poin
Page 105 and 106: 103 F. Kaul Photo. Culture. In Sout
Page 107 and 108: 105 monumental passage tombs, a sma
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107 F. Kaul Photo. Fig. 6: Dæmpe g
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109 Fig. 7: Plan drawing of the mul
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111 Fig. 11: Tulach an t-Sionnaich,
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113 Among the remarkably few horned
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115 Fig. 14: Plan drawing of the Ne
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117 just before the time when the C
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119 Bibliography Andersen, S.H. & J
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121 Madsen, A.P., 1896: Gravhøje o
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123 Norway - the first remains of f
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125 Fig. 4: The northernmost house
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127 Børsheim 2005: 115, 116 fig. 4
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129 scarce in Norway, and they are
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131 Bibliography Arntzen, J. 2010 a
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133 Introduction As introduced else
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135 Generally we speak of six diffe
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137 earlier. In this respect the co
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139 coming up the British West coas
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141 Grønnow, B. 2004: Saqqaqkultur
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143 The heel shaped cain on the isl
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The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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