The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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62 The distribution of worked felsite – within and outwith Neolithic Shetland Torben Bjarke Ballin Introduction In a previous paper (Ballin 2011d), the author discussed the dating and character of the initial colonization of Shetland. This discussion was based on the presence and absence of diagnostic material culture elements, with the evidence suggesting rather late colonization, possibly around the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition, and with the bulk of the earliest evidence dating to the later part of the Early Neolithic period. The almost complete absence of Shetland artefacts south of the island group, in conjunction with the almost complete absence of artefacts from southern Scotland in Shetland, indicates that Neolithic Shetland may have been in a state of complete or partial isolation, in contrast to for example Neolithic Orkney which boasts numerous exotic objects, such as artefacts in Arran pitchstone and Yorkshire flint (Ballin 2009; 2011c), clearly showing that Orkney formed an integral part of an extensive exchange network. One of the key artefact groups discussed in Ballin (2011d) was felsite implements. They almost exclusively include axeheads and Shetland knives, with some scrapers, and possibly arrowheads, having been made on the basis of fragments of recycled polished axeheads. The aim of the present paper is to gain more insight into the dynamics of Shetland’s Neolithic society by analyzing the procurement and distribution patterns of felsite – from the quarries in North Roe to the end-users, within as well as outwith the Shetland Isles. The organization of the North Roe mining operations When the physical features of prehistoric quarries are characterized, analysts tend to follow classification schemas
63 like that of Schneiderman-Fox & Pappalardo (1996), emphasizing the following activity areas: Fig. 1: Axehead production at the Beorgs, showing crude waste, as well as one of several oval shelters. Courtesy of Gabriel Cooney, University of Dublin. • the quarry itself where material is extracted; • the tailing pile, just below the quarry face, containing blocks of quarried material; • the ore dressing, milling, or transition area, located below and within 50 m of the quarry face, where large blocks are broken down for transport; and • the lithic reduction site above the quarry face or on a level terrace adjacent to the quarry face, where reduced blocks are further reduced into preforms or final tools. In his various papers on the North Roe quarries (Ballin 2011a; 2011b), the author has tended to characterize much of the area’s felsite debris as forming tailing piles, supplemented by a number of ob- Nordlige Verdener Shetlandsprojekt
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The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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Contents • Foreword H. C. Gulløv
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different parts of Scandinavia and
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7 2011; Melton 2008; 2009; Melton &
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9 consists of just a handful of sma
Page 13 and 14: 11 Fig. 1: Possibly the earliest me
Page 15 and 16: 13 knives, found in a long ‘knoll
Page 17 and 18: 15 Fig. 4: Potsherds from Modesty.
Page 19 and 20: 17 settlement was not recorded in d
Page 21 and 22: 19 Among the many outstanding quest
Page 23 and 24: 21 Fig. 7: Undecorated, uncarinated
Page 25 and 26: 23 Fig. 8: Top: cushion macehead, S
Page 27 and 28: 25 carbon dates suggest that House
Page 29 and 30: 27 monument (Henshall 1963) - which
Page 31 and 32: 29 Fig. 10: Notional sequence of fu
Page 33 and 34: 31 it is anticipated that the resea
Page 35 and 36: 33 zons. Papers Presented at the Se
Page 37 and 38: 35 RCAHMS (Royal Commission on the
Page 39 and 40: 37 Pinhoulland - a multi period sit
Page 41 and 42: 39 general which could be interpret
Page 43 and 44: 41 Fig. 3: Map of the area around P
Page 45 and 46: 43 Most of the house structures are
Page 47 and 48: 45 Photo Ditlev L. Mahler. Jarlshof
Page 49 and 50: 47 ± 1 15 14 1 16 18 13 17 12 7 9
Page 51 and 52: ± 49 14 15 16 13 18 14 15 16 17 13
Page 53 and 54: 51 Bennett, K. D. et al. 1992: Holo
Page 55 and 56: 53 Sacred Work: Cultivating the soi
Page 57 and 58: 55 Photographs by the author. Fig 4
Page 59 and 60: 57 Fig. 7: Shetland spade from the
Page 61 and 62: 59 The significance of agrarian too
Page 63: 61 Lamb, R. & Rees, S. 1981: Ard Cu
Page 67 and 68: 65 Fig. 3: Shetland knife workshop
Page 69 and 70: 67 a list of rituals to be carried
Page 71 and 72: 69 (hollow-edged), profile category
Page 73 and 74: 71 35 30 TN - far from Bømlo 25 20
Page 75 and 76: Cambrian flint Southern Scottish ch
Page 77 and 78: 75 flint and some Arran pitchstone,
Page 79 and 80: 77 [http://www.sair.org.uk/sair17/i
Page 81 and 82: 79 Axes from islands: the role of s
Page 83 and 84: 81 material but there were a couple
Page 85 and 86: 83 A centre of island life, axe pro
Page 87 and 88: 85 dal 1998: 61). It is clear that
Page 89 and 90: 87 as larger ones were being produc
Page 91 and 92: 89 the tool pre-forms or rough-outs
Page 93 and 94: 91 During September 2011, following
Page 95 and 96: 93 Fig. 11: Knive workshop at easte
Page 97 and 98: 95 support a symbolic interpretatio
Page 99 and 100: 97 farming: an extended broad spect
Page 101 and 102: 99 Ritchie, P.R. 1992: Stone axehea
Page 103 and 104: 101 Age societies reached this poin
Page 105 and 106: 103 F. Kaul Photo. Culture. In Sout
Page 107 and 108: 105 monumental passage tombs, a sma
Page 109 and 110: 107 F. Kaul Photo. Fig. 6: Dæmpe g
Page 111 and 112: 109 Fig. 7: Plan drawing of the mul
Page 113 and 114: 111 Fig. 11: Tulach an t-Sionnaich,
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113 Among the remarkably few horned
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115 Fig. 14: Plan drawing of the Ne
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117 just before the time when the C
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119 Bibliography Andersen, S.H. & J
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121 Madsen, A.P., 1896: Gravhøje o
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123 Norway - the first remains of f
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125 Fig. 4: The northernmost house
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127 Børsheim 2005: 115, 116 fig. 4
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129 scarce in Norway, and they are
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131 Bibliography Arntzen, J. 2010 a
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133 Introduction As introduced else
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135 Generally we speak of six diffe
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137 earlier. In this respect the co
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139 coming up the British West coas
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141 Grønnow, B. 2004: Saqqaqkultur
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143 The heel shaped cain on the isl
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The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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