The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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20 dates, in addition to the one published by Hedges and Parry in 1980 (i.e. 4395±55 BP from unburnt bone, 3330– 2900 cal BC, GU-1075 – not applying the increase in standard deviation as recommended by Ashmore et al. 2000 when dealing with old determinations). The new dates appear to extend the overall date span to c. 3500–3000 BC, although this is no doubt due to the plateau in the calibration curve. Whether Bayesian modelling could help to constrain the scatter here is unclear. Janet Montgomery’s isotopic analysis of the human bones from the cist has, interestingly, identified evidence for the consumption of marine resources (Melton & Montgomery 2009) and this may well constitute the earliest dated example of this dietary characteristic in the Scottish Neolithic, contrasting with the picture obtained for Neolithic human remains elsewhere in Scotland. (See Schulting et al. 2010 for the most recent review of this evidence.) At Scord of Brouster, the evidence predating House 1 (labelled as ‘phase 1’: Whittle et al. 1986: 15–19) consists of an anthropogenic layer including three hearths and a drainage gully. Three radiocarbon dates – two from charcoal of ‘birch, etc.’, the third of birch – produced two (CAR-244–5) that calibrate to 3350– 2930 and 3340–2710 cal BC respectively, and one (CAR-243) that calibrates to 2880–2490 cal BC (Whittle et al. 1986, table 1; once again, no adjustment has been made to the standard deviation values). It would appear that CAR-243 is an outlier. The evidence pre-dating House 2 (ibid., 5–8) consists of a dark soil layer with local concentrations of ash and charcoal, together with possible stakeholes and postholes suggesting an oval structure. Three radiocarbon dates (all from ‘birch etc.’ charcoal, one including charred barley) produced results broadly comparable to those from CAR-244–5 (namely 3370–2930, 3350– 2930 and 3500–3020 cal BC, CAR-249– 251 respectively, ibid.: table 1). A date ostensibly relating to the construction of House 2 (CAR-252) is virtually identical to these and some doubt must be cast on whether it does actually date its construction, since the House 2 ceramic assemblage looks to be Beaker domestic pottery (ibid.: figs. 54, 55). The evidence from Jarlshof comes from the excavations undertaken by Gordon Childe in 1937, where the pottery from Midden III and occupation layer III included grass-tempered pottery which was ‘quite distinct from the wares found in the later levels and houses and seems to be a new variety with vaguely neolithic affinities’ (Hamilton 1956, 13). Childe had remarked that this pottery ‘has a soapy feel’ (Childe 1938: 360) – a characteristic shared with the Modesty
21 Fig. 7: Undecorated, uncarinated bowls of definite and suspected Middle Neolithic date from the Sumburgh cist (top), from Scord of Brouster (middle) and from Jarlshof (bottom). From Hedges & Parry 1980; Whittle et al. 1986 and Hamilton 1956; various scales. Nordlige Verdener Shetlandsprojekt
Page 1 and 2: The Border of Farming and the Cultu
Page 3 and 4: The Border of Farming and the Cultu
Page 5 and 6: Contents • Foreword H. C. Gulløv
Page 7 and 8: different parts of Scandinavia and
Page 9 and 10: 7 2011; Melton 2008; 2009; Melton &
Page 11 and 12: 9 consists of just a handful of sma
Page 13 and 14: 11 Fig. 1: Possibly the earliest me
Page 15 and 16: 13 knives, found in a long ‘knoll
Page 17 and 18: 15 Fig. 4: Potsherds from Modesty.
Page 19 and 20: 17 settlement was not recorded in d
Page 21: 19 Among the many outstanding quest
Page 25 and 26: 23 Fig. 8: Top: cushion macehead, S
Page 27 and 28: 25 carbon dates suggest that House
Page 29 and 30: 27 monument (Henshall 1963) - which
Page 31 and 32: 29 Fig. 10: Notional sequence of fu
Page 33 and 34: 31 it is anticipated that the resea
Page 35 and 36: 33 zons. Papers Presented at the Se
Page 37 and 38: 35 RCAHMS (Royal Commission on the
Page 39 and 40: 37 Pinhoulland - a multi period sit
Page 41 and 42: 39 general which could be interpret
Page 43 and 44: 41 Fig. 3: Map of the area around P
Page 45 and 46: 43 Most of the house structures are
Page 47 and 48: 45 Photo Ditlev L. Mahler. Jarlshof
Page 49 and 50: 47 ± 1 15 14 1 16 18 13 17 12 7 9
Page 51 and 52: ± 49 14 15 16 13 18 14 15 16 17 13
Page 53 and 54: 51 Bennett, K. D. et al. 1992: Holo
Page 55 and 56: 53 Sacred Work: Cultivating the soi
Page 57 and 58: 55 Photographs by the author. Fig 4
Page 59 and 60: 57 Fig. 7: Shetland spade from the
Page 61 and 62: 59 The significance of agrarian too
Page 63 and 64: 61 Lamb, R. & Rees, S. 1981: Ard Cu
Page 65 and 66: 63 like that of Schneiderman-Fox &
Page 67 and 68: 65 Fig. 3: Shetland knife workshop
Page 69 and 70: 67 a list of rituals to be carried
Page 71 and 72: 69 (hollow-edged), profile category
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71 35 30 TN - far from Bømlo 25 20
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Cambrian flint Southern Scottish ch
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75 flint and some Arran pitchstone,
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77 [http://www.sair.org.uk/sair17/i
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79 Axes from islands: the role of s
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81 material but there were a couple
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83 A centre of island life, axe pro
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85 dal 1998: 61). It is clear that
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87 as larger ones were being produc
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89 the tool pre-forms or rough-outs
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91 During September 2011, following
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93 Fig. 11: Knive workshop at easte
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95 support a symbolic interpretatio
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97 farming: an extended broad spect
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99 Ritchie, P.R. 1992: Stone axehea
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101 Age societies reached this poin
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103 F. Kaul Photo. Culture. In Sout
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105 monumental passage tombs, a sma
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107 F. Kaul Photo. Fig. 6: Dæmpe g
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109 Fig. 7: Plan drawing of the mul
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111 Fig. 11: Tulach an t-Sionnaich,
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113 Among the remarkably few horned
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115 Fig. 14: Plan drawing of the Ne
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117 just before the time when the C
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119 Bibliography Andersen, S.H. & J
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121 Madsen, A.P., 1896: Gravhøje o
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123 Norway - the first remains of f
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125 Fig. 4: The northernmost house
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127 Børsheim 2005: 115, 116 fig. 4
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129 scarce in Norway, and they are
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131 Bibliography Arntzen, J. 2010 a
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133 Introduction As introduced else
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135 Generally we speak of six diffe
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137 earlier. In this respect the co
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139 coming up the British West coas
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141 Grønnow, B. 2004: Saqqaqkultur
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143 The heel shaped cain on the isl
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The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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