The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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28 Secondly, as regards funerary practices, the same NMS radiocarbon dating programme has shown that the tradition of cremation and deposition of the remains in a cinerary urn – a practice in widespread use elsewhere in Scotland – was definitely in use in Shetland by the first quarter of the second millennium, with cremated bone from an urn of steatitic clay from Culla Voe producing a date of 3475±40 BP (1890–1690 cal BC, GrA- 24056: Sheridan 2007b: 184). The possibility that the Muckle Heog monument, with its steatite vessels, might also date to this period has also been mentioned above; we know that steatite urns continued to be exported to Orkney during this period (ibid.). Finally, the unfinished miniature battleaxeheads found at the Ness of Gruting (together with a finished example found in the Sumburgh settlement: Downes & Lamb 2000: 67 and fig. 29) indicate awareness of, and participation in, the ‘vocabulary of esteem’ that was current during the early second millennium BC elsewhere in Britain. A similar miniature battle-axehead, found in a child’s grave along with a Food Vessel, in Doune, Perth & Kinross, has been radiocarbon dated to 3400±35 BP (1870–1610 cal BC, SUERC-2869: Sheridan 2007b: 185) and this is consistent with the dating of full-sized versions of similar shape (ibid.: 175 and fig. 14.10). The presence of two unfinished miniatures in the Ness of Gruting house therefore suggests some time-depth to the use of this structure. Conclusions From the foregoing it is clear that our knowledge and understanding of the Shetland Neolithic leaves a great deal to be desired. While we can begin to sketch an overall narrative, as attempted here, the gaps in our knowledge are substantial and much targeted fieldwork will be necessary to address the many outstanding questions. However, it is clear that a particularly interesting story is waiting to be told – of episodes of contact with the outside world (but not with Scandinavia!), interspersed with periods when a strong Shetlandic insular identity (as expressed, for example, in architecture and material culture) developed. It may be that the practice of farming, and the beliefs, practices and traditions that accompanied this, arrived in Shetland from western Scotland during the late 38 th or 37 th century BC; further excavation at West Voe, and investigation of the simplest passage tombs (including Ronas Hill) might help to clarify this. How these putative incomers interacted with the indigenous fisher-gatherer-hunter groups (as attested at the lowest level of West Voe) is unknown, although the 37 th century activity at West Voe could conceiv-
29 Fig. 10: Notional sequence of funerary monument types in Shetland. Sites featured, from left to right and top to bottom: Ronas Hill; Vord Hill, South; Vementry (phase 1); the Sumburgh cist; Seli Voe; Vementry (phase 2); Punds Water; March Cairn; Pettigarths Field (chamber tomb); Pettigarths Field (cist); Muckle Heog, West.Excepting the Sumburgh cist, the dating of these monuments is speculative. Site plans after Henshall 1963, Calder 1961 and Hedges & Parry 1980. Nordlige Verdener Shetlandsprojekt
Page 1 and 2: The Border of Farming and the Cultu
Page 3 and 4: The Border of Farming and the Cultu
Page 5 and 6: Contents • Foreword H. C. Gulløv
Page 7 and 8: different parts of Scandinavia and
Page 9 and 10: 7 2011; Melton 2008; 2009; Melton &
Page 11 and 12: 9 consists of just a handful of sma
Page 13 and 14: 11 Fig. 1: Possibly the earliest me
Page 15 and 16: 13 knives, found in a long ‘knoll
Page 17 and 18: 15 Fig. 4: Potsherds from Modesty.
Page 19 and 20: 17 settlement was not recorded in d
Page 21 and 22: 19 Among the many outstanding quest
Page 23 and 24: 21 Fig. 7: Undecorated, uncarinated
Page 25 and 26: 23 Fig. 8: Top: cushion macehead, S
Page 27 and 28: 25 carbon dates suggest that House
Page 29: 27 monument (Henshall 1963) - which
Page 33 and 34: 31 it is anticipated that the resea
Page 35 and 36: 33 zons. Papers Presented at the Se
Page 37 and 38: 35 RCAHMS (Royal Commission on the
Page 39 and 40: 37 Pinhoulland - a multi period sit
Page 41 and 42: 39 general which could be interpret
Page 43 and 44: 41 Fig. 3: Map of the area around P
Page 45 and 46: 43 Most of the house structures are
Page 47 and 48: 45 Photo Ditlev L. Mahler. Jarlshof
Page 49 and 50: 47 ± 1 15 14 1 16 18 13 17 12 7 9
Page 51 and 52: ± 49 14 15 16 13 18 14 15 16 17 13
Page 53 and 54: 51 Bennett, K. D. et al. 1992: Holo
Page 55 and 56: 53 Sacred Work: Cultivating the soi
Page 57 and 58: 55 Photographs by the author. Fig 4
Page 59 and 60: 57 Fig. 7: Shetland spade from the
Page 61 and 62: 59 The significance of agrarian too
Page 63 and 64: 61 Lamb, R. & Rees, S. 1981: Ard Cu
Page 65 and 66: 63 like that of Schneiderman-Fox &
Page 67 and 68: 65 Fig. 3: Shetland knife workshop
Page 69 and 70: 67 a list of rituals to be carried
Page 71 and 72: 69 (hollow-edged), profile category
Page 73 and 74: 71 35 30 TN - far from Bømlo 25 20
Page 75 and 76: Cambrian flint Southern Scottish ch
Page 77 and 78: 75 flint and some Arran pitchstone,
Page 79 and 80: 77 [http://www.sair.org.uk/sair17/i
Page 81 and 82:
79 Axes from islands: the role of s
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81 material but there were a couple
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83 A centre of island life, axe pro
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85 dal 1998: 61). It is clear that
Page 89 and 90:
87 as larger ones were being produc
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89 the tool pre-forms or rough-outs
Page 93 and 94:
91 During September 2011, following
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93 Fig. 11: Knive workshop at easte
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95 support a symbolic interpretatio
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97 farming: an extended broad spect
Page 101 and 102:
99 Ritchie, P.R. 1992: Stone axehea
Page 103 and 104:
101 Age societies reached this poin
Page 105 and 106:
103 F. Kaul Photo. Culture. In Sout
Page 107 and 108:
105 monumental passage tombs, a sma
Page 109 and 110:
107 F. Kaul Photo. Fig. 6: Dæmpe g
Page 111 and 112:
109 Fig. 7: Plan drawing of the mul
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111 Fig. 11: Tulach an t-Sionnaich,
Page 115 and 116:
113 Among the remarkably few horned
Page 117 and 118:
115 Fig. 14: Plan drawing of the Ne
Page 119 and 120:
117 just before the time when the C
Page 121 and 122:
119 Bibliography Andersen, S.H. & J
Page 123 and 124:
121 Madsen, A.P., 1896: Gravhøje o
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123 Norway - the first remains of f
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125 Fig. 4: The northernmost house
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127 Børsheim 2005: 115, 116 fig. 4
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129 scarce in Norway, and they are
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131 Bibliography Arntzen, J. 2010 a
Page 135 and 136:
133 Introduction As introduced else
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135 Generally we speak of six diffe
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137 earlier. In this respect the co
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139 coming up the British West coas
Page 143 and 144:
141 Grønnow, B. 2004: Saqqaqkultur
Page 145 and 146:
143 The heel shaped cain on the isl
Page 147 and 148:
The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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