The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers - Nordlige Verdener

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132 Neolithic Shetland: Peopling an empty area 4000-3000 BC Ditlev L. Mahler Ditlev L. Mahler photo 2011.
133 Introduction As introduced elsewhere in this volume the Shetland research project aims to investigate the Neolithic elements on Shetland and compare them with the South Scandinavian elements (Mahler 2011: 6 f.). Just mentioning some of the elements they are house sites, agricultural implements, ritual behaviour and burial customs and there are many common elements. Of cause there are also very clear differences such as the very early knife tradition with the Shetland Knives going back to may be 3500 BC according to the newest 14C dating (SU- ERC-37997; Mahler 2011a, fig. 2). Compared to Southern Scandinavia, the existing conditions on Shetland are rather different, because we do not know for sure that Shetland had a Mesolithic population which could turn Neolithic. Alison Sheridan has written about the early dating at the kitchen midden at West Voe, Sumburgh in this volume and the very early dates of 4200-3600 cal BC (Melton 2009: 184, see also Melton & Nicholson 2007: 99; Melton personal comments), fig. 1. Even though none of the West Voe finds from the bottom layer can tie the area to a Mesolithic environment, other indications show the Fig. 1: West Voe, Sumburgh, Shetland. The kitchen midden is in the center of the picture. possibility of at least Mesolithic visits to the Shetland Islands during the period 5000-4000 BC (Edwards et al. 2009: 113; Edwards & Whittington 1998: 5 f.). At the time of the Neolithic expansion c. 4000-3700 BC Shetland hardly contained a large Mesolithic population if any, so the Neolithic population probably expanded into empty islands in respect of a human population. This expansion could very well have arrived on Shetland coming from the South West, and probably not directly from Caithness to Orkney, and from there to Fair Isle, jumping further North to Shetland which would be expected (Sheridan 2009: 92 f.; Rowley-Conwy IP). As we shall see later that kind of expansion into empty land is not uncomplicated and certain conditions must be present for securing a successful expansion. Why choose Shetland There are several reasons to choose Shetland as one part of a comparative analysis. First of all, Shetland is considered to be the northernmost area of Europe where farming was practised as a result of the expansion around 4000 BC. After a standstill of about 1000 years on the Continental lowlands just south of the Baltic, the farming economies expanded to the North. In Scandinavia, the expansion ebbed away at Svinesund on the border of present day Sweden and Norway 58,5° North or just around the Nordlige Verdener Shetlandsprojekt
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The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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The Border of Farming and the Cultu
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Contents • Foreword H. C. Gulløv
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different parts of Scandinavia and
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7 2011; Melton 2008; 2009; Melton &
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9 consists of just a handful of sma
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11 Fig. 1: Possibly the earliest me
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13 knives, found in a long ‘knoll
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15 Fig. 4: Potsherds from Modesty.
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17 settlement was not recorded in d
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19 Among the many outstanding quest
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21 Fig. 7: Undecorated, uncarinated
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23 Fig. 8: Top: cushion macehead, S
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25 carbon dates suggest that House
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27 monument (Henshall 1963) - which
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29 Fig. 10: Notional sequence of fu
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31 it is anticipated that the resea
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33 zons. Papers Presented at the Se
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35 RCAHMS (Royal Commission on the
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37 Pinhoulland - a multi period sit
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39 general which could be interpret
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41 Fig. 3: Map of the area around P
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43 Most of the house structures are
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45 Photo Ditlev L. Mahler. Jarlshof
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47 ± 1 15 14 1 16 18 13 17 12 7 9
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± 49 14 15 16 13 18 14 15 16 17 13
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51 Bennett, K. D. et al. 1992: Holo
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53 Sacred Work: Cultivating the soi
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55 Photographs by the author. Fig 4
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57 Fig. 7: Shetland spade from the
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59 The significance of agrarian too
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61 Lamb, R. & Rees, S. 1981: Ard Cu
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63 like that of Schneiderman-Fox &
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65 Fig. 3: Shetland knife workshop
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67 a list of rituals to be carried
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69 (hollow-edged), profile category
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71 35 30 TN - far from Bømlo 25 20
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Cambrian flint Southern Scottish ch
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75 flint and some Arran pitchstone,
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77 [http://www.sair.org.uk/sair17/i
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79 Axes from islands: the role of s
Page 83 and 84: 81 material but there were a couple
Page 85 and 86: 83 A centre of island life, axe pro
Page 87 and 88: 85 dal 1998: 61). It is clear that
Page 89 and 90: 87 as larger ones were being produc
Page 91 and 92: 89 the tool pre-forms or rough-outs
Page 93 and 94: 91 During September 2011, following
Page 95 and 96: 93 Fig. 11: Knive workshop at easte
Page 97 and 98: 95 support a symbolic interpretatio
Page 99 and 100: 97 farming: an extended broad spect
Page 101 and 102: 99 Ritchie, P.R. 1992: Stone axehea
Page 103 and 104: 101 Age societies reached this poin
Page 105 and 106: 103 F. Kaul Photo. Culture. In Sout
Page 107 and 108: 105 monumental passage tombs, a sma
Page 109 and 110: 107 F. Kaul Photo. Fig. 6: Dæmpe g
Page 111 and 112: 109 Fig. 7: Plan drawing of the mul
Page 113 and 114: 111 Fig. 11: Tulach an t-Sionnaich,
Page 115 and 116: 113 Among the remarkably few horned
Page 117 and 118: 115 Fig. 14: Plan drawing of the Ne
Page 119 and 120: 117 just before the time when the C
Page 121 and 122: 119 Bibliography Andersen, S.H. & J
Page 123 and 124: 121 Madsen, A.P., 1896: Gravhøje o
Page 125 and 126: 123 Norway - the first remains of f
Page 127 and 128: 125 Fig. 4: The northernmost house
Page 129 and 130: 127 Børsheim 2005: 115, 116 fig. 4
Page 131 and 132: 129 scarce in Norway, and they are
Page 133: 131 Bibliography Arntzen, J. 2010 a
Page 137 and 138: 135 Generally we speak of six diffe
Page 139 and 140: 137 earlier. In this respect the co
Page 141 and 142: 139 coming up the British West coas
Page 143 and 144: 141 Grønnow, B. 2004: Saqqaqkultur
Page 145 and 146: 143 The heel shaped cain on the isl
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