Astronomy Principles and Practice Fourth Edition.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

414 Practical projects Figure 24.8. The position circle. Figure 24.9. Construction of the intercept and the position line. In △PZS, SZ is the calculated zenith distance, z, i.e. the zenith distance of the Sun as it would have been measured by an observer at D and subsequently corrected in the usual way for refraction, etc. The arc SW, of course, is the observed zenith distance, z ⊙ , of the Sun. Then the intercept DV is given by DV = calculated zenith distance − observed zenith distance
The Sun as a position finder 415 Figure 24.10. The intersection of two position lines allows the observer’s position to be determined. or In △PZS,wethenhave, I = z − z ⊙ . cos z = sin φ D sin δ ⊙ + cos φ D cos δ ⊙ cos H (24.1) giving z and sin z cos A = sin δ ⊙ cos φ D − cos δ ⊙ sin φ D cos H (24.2) giving A. (iii) The plotting chart. On the plotting chart a suitable scale is chosen, for example, one nautical mile being represented by one centimetre, remembering that one minute of arc is equivalent to one nautical mile. The north–south axis is a latitude axis but the east–west axis must be measured as departure. To convert to difference of longitude, the usual relation is used, namely departure = difference of longitude × cos(latitude). In order to find the observer’s position, two position lines must be obtained from observations made a few hours apart. The intersection of the two position lines (on both of which the observer lies) will then give the increments in latitude and longitude (corrected from departure) to be applied to the dead reckoning coordinates φ D and λ D . It should be noted that if the dead reckoning position D happens to lie within the position circle (in figure 24.8), the intercept DV will be negative since the observed zenith distance, z, is greater than the calculated in the distance, z ⊙ . In this case, the intercept must be drawn in the opposite direction to the azimuth, i.e. in a direction of azimuth 180 ◦ less than the calculated one. Thus, in figure 24.10, we have a positive intercept, I 1 , and a negative one, I 2 . The following scheme of instructions and data are taken from an exercise formerly carried out by first-year students in Astronomy at Glasgow University. In the United Kingdom at that time, British
Page 4 and 5:
Chapter 1 Naked eye observations 1.
Page 6 and 7:
A month 5 seen to rise above the ea
Page 8 and 9:
A year 7 between south and west. An
Page 10 and 11:
Chapter 2 Ancient world models Firs
Page 12 and 13:
Ancient world models 11 Figure 2.1.
Page 14 and 15:
Chapter 3 Observations made by inst
Page 16 and 17:
Instrumentation in astronomy 15 Fig
Page 18 and 19:
The role of the observer 17 Earth a
Page 20 and 21:
Electromagnetic radiation 19 meteor
Page 22 and 23:
Electromagnetic radiation 21 If, fo
Page 24 and 25:
Electromagnetic radiation 23 device
Page 26 and 27:
Direction of arrival of the radiati
Page 28 and 29:
Brightness 27 Figure 5.3. The windo
Page 30 and 31:
Brightness 29 physical conditions w
Page 32 and 33:
Time 31 to house radio transmitters
Page 34 and 35:
Chapter 6 The night sky 6.1 Star ma
Page 36 and 37:
Simple observations 35 Figure 6.1.
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Chapter 7 The geometry of the spher
Page 46 and 47:
Position on the Earth’s surface 4
Page 48 and 49:
Position on the Earth’s surface 4
Page 50 and 51:
Spherical trigonometry 51 determine
Page 52 and 53:
Spherical trigonometry 53 Figure 7.
Page 54 and 55:
The small spherical triangle 55 7.4
Page 56 and 57:
Problems—Chapter 7 57 Although th
Page 58 and 59:
Chapter 8 The celestial sphere: coo
Page 60 and 61:
The equatorial system 61 Figure 8.2
Page 62 and 63:
Circumpolar stars 63 Figure 8.4. A
Page 64 and 65:
Also Hence, we have or The measurem
Page 66 and 67:
The geocentric celestial sphere 67
Page 68 and 69:
Transformation of one coordinate sy
Page 70 and 71:
Right ascension 71 or cos 47 ◦ 39
Page 72 and 73:
The Sun’s geocentric behaviour 73
Page 74 and 75:
Sunset and sunrise 75 Figure 8.15.
Page 76 and 77:
Megalithic man and the Sun 77 Figur
Page 78 and 79:
The ecliptic system of coordinates
Page 80 and 81:
Galactic coordinates 81 Table 8.1.
Page 82 and 83:
Galactic coordinates 83 Figure 8.22
Page 84 and 85:
Galactic coordinates 85 Figure 8.25
Page 86 and 87:
Problems—Chapter 8 87 where ε is
Page 88 and 89:
Sidereal time 89 Figure 9.1. The ti
Page 90 and 91:
Sidereal time 91 Figure 9.3. An equ
Page 92 and 93:
Mean solar time 93 Figure 9.4. Posi
Page 94 and 95:
The relationship between mean solar
Page 96 and 97:
The civil day and timekeeping 97 It
Page 98 and 99:
The tropical year and the calendar
Page 100 and 101:
The Earth’s geographical zones 10
Page 102 and 103:
Hence, the period of the year durin
Page 104 and 105:
Twilight 105 Figure 9.10. The heati
Page 106 and 107:
Twilight 107 For this to happen, ZB
Page 108 and 109:
h m s Date Approximate ZT 16 30 0 J
Page 110 and 111:
Problems—Chapter 9 111 Date (00 h
Page 112 and 113:
Atmospheric refraction 113 Figure 1
Page 114 and 115:
where ZOL = r. But ZOL = ζ .AlsoAB
Page 116 and 117:
so that we have But Hence, Similarl
Page 118 and 119:
Now But θ is a small angle so we m
Page 120 and 121:
Geocentric parallax 121 Figure 10.6
Page 122 and 123:
The semi-diameter of a celestial ob
Page 124 and 125:
Measuring distance in the Solar Sys
Page 126 and 127:
Stellar parallax 127 Figure 10.10.
Page 128 and 129:
Stellar parallax 129 after. The val
Page 130 and 131:
Problems—Chapter 10 131 Recent ob
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 11 The reduction of positio
Page 134 and 135:
The velocity of light 135 Table 11.
Page 136 and 137:
The constant of aberration 137 Figu
Page 138 and 139:
Diurnal and planetary aberration 13
Page 140 and 141:
Precession of the equinoxes 141 Fig
Page 142 and 143:
Effect of precession on a star’s
Page 144 and 145:
Nutation 145 Figure 11.10. The grav
Page 146 and 147:
The tropical and sidereal years 147
Page 148 and 149:
Chapter 12 Geocentric planetary phe
Page 150 and 151:
The Copernican System 151 Figure 12
Page 152 and 153:
Planetary configurations 153 (a) V
Page 154 and 155:
The synodic period 155 Figure 12.5.
Page 156 and 157:
Measurement of planetary distances
Page 158 and 159:
Stationary points 159 Figure 12.8.
Page 160 and 161:
Stationary points 161 Using equatio
Page 162 and 163:
The phase of a planet 163 Figure 12
Page 164 and 165:
Problems—Chapter 12 165 with an o
Page 166 and 167:
Planetary orbits 167 Figure 13.1. M
Page 168 and 169:
Planetary orbits 169 If P 1 SP 2 is
Page 170 and 171:
Newton’s law of gravitation 171 a
Page 172 and 173:
The Principia of Isaac Newton 173 N
Page 174 and 175:
The two-body problem 175 Figure 13.
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
The two-body problem 179 13.6.5 The
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
The astronomical unit 183 For an ex
Page 184 and 185:
Chapter 14 Celestial mechanics: the
Page 186 and 187:
14.3 General properties of the many
Page 188 and 189:
Special perturbation theories 189 F
Page 190 and 191:
Special perturbation theories 191 F
Page 192 and 193:
14.6 Dynamics of artificial Earth s
Page 194 and 195:
The geostationary satellite 195 in
Page 196 and 197:
Interplanetary transfer orbits 197
Page 198 and 199:
Then V B = V c2 − V A ,sinceV c2
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Problems—Chapter 14 205 (figure 1
Page 206 and 207:
210 The radiation laws Figure 15.1.
Page 208 and 209:
212 The radiation laws Table 15.1.
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
216 The radiation laws In order to
Page 214 and 215:
218 The radiation laws where σ is
Page 216 and 217:
220 The radiation laws The brightne
Page 218 and 219:
222 The radiation laws centrifugal
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
226 The radiation laws is moving pa
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
230 The radiation laws In most phys
Page 228 and 229:
232 The radiation laws radiation ha
Page 230 and 231:
234 The radiation laws radiation is
Page 232 and 233:
236 The radiation laws Figure 15.14
Page 234 and 235:
Chapter 16 The optics of telescope
Page 236 and 237:
240 The optics of telescope collect
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Chapter 17 Visual use of telescopes
Page 270 and 271:
274 Visual use of telescopes By sub
Page 272 and 273:
276 Visual use of telescopes 17.3 M
Page 274 and 275:
278 Visual use of telescopes By let
Page 276 and 277:
280 Visual use of telescopes Figure
Page 278 and 279:
282 Visual use of telescopes For sm
Page 280 and 281:
284 Detectors for optical telescope
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
306 Astronomical optical measuremen
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Chapter 20 Modern telescopes and ot
Page 328 and 329:
332 Modern telescopes and other opt
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Chapter 21 Radio telescopes 21.1 In
Page 350 and 351:
354 Radio telescopes Figure 21.2. A
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
358 Radio telescopes Figure 21.6. T
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359: 362 Radio telescopes (a) Paraboloid
Page 360 and 361: 364 Radio telescopes Figure 21.12.
Page 362 and 363: 366 Radio telescopes The record fro
Page 364 and 365: 368 Radio telescopes 2 N N Figure 2
Page 370 and 371: Chapter 22 Telescope mountings 22.1
Page 372 and 373: 376 Telescope mountings arc and thi
Page 374 and 375: 378 Telescope mountings Figure 22.4
Page 376 and 377: 380 Telescope mountings The design
Page 378 and 379: 382 High energy instruments and oth
Page 398 and 399: 404 Practical projects to give the
Page 400 and 401: 406 Practical projects Figure 24.2.
Page 402 and 403: 408 Practical projects measurement
Page 410 and 411: 416 Practical projects Summer Time
Page 412 and 413: 418 Practical projects Figure 24.12
Page 416 and 417: 422 Practical projects point was ch
Page 420 and 421: 426 Practical projects N φ Earth 1
Page 422 and 423: 428 Practical projects 24.5 Solar d
Page 424 and 425: 430 Practical projects allows the S
Page 426 and 427: 432 Practical projects 24.5.4 The e
Page 432 and 433: 438 Practical projects Now in t hou
Page 434 and 435: 440 Practical projects Table 24.2.
Page 436 and 437: 442 Practical projects 24.7.2 The i
Page 442 and 443: 448 Practical projects right ascens
Page 444 and 445: 450 Practical projects amenable to
Page 446 and 447: 452 Web sites • W 20.5—www.mrao
Page 448 and 449: Appendix: Astronomical and related
Page 450 and 451: 456 Appendix: Astronomical and rela
Page 452 and 453: Bibliography 1 Source books The Ast
Page 454 and 455: Answers to problems Chapter 7 1. 32
Page 456 and 457: 462 Answers to problems Figure A8.2
Page 458 and 459:
464 Answers to problems Figure A10.
Page 460 and 461:
466 Answers to problems Figure A13.
Page 462 and 463:
468 Answers to problems 5. 1·64 6.
Page 464 and 465:
470 Index black body radiation, 216
Page 466 and 467:
472 Index atom, 221 line, 353 illum
Page 468 and 469:
474 Index potential energy, 177 pow
show all

Astronomy Principles and Practice Fourth Edition.pdf

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?