Astronomy Principles and Practice Fourth Edition.pdf

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452 Web sites • W 20.5—www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/telescopes/coast/ Information about the Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope is provided. • W 20.6—www.aao.gov.au/ The site of the Anglo-Australian Observatory—includes the 3.9 m AAT and the 1.2 m UK Schmidt. • W 20.7—www.ast.cam.ac.uk/∼dwe/SRF/camc.html A route into the site of The Carlsberg Meridian Telescope. • W 21.1—www.atnf.csiro.au/SKA/ This site gives details of the plans for the development of the world’s most sensitive radio telescope—The Square Kilometre Array. • W 21.2—info.gb.nrao.edu/GBT/ The site of the National Radio Observatory (USA) with descriptions of the new Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia. • W 21.3—www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/telescopes/ryle/ This site describes the operation of the Ryle Telescope (RT) in Cambridge. • W 21.4—www.stsci.edu/astroweb/cat-radio.html Most of the world’s radio telescope facilities are listed with their links together with other useful sites related to radio wavelength observations. • W 23.1—chandra.harvard.edu/ The site of the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center. • W 23.2—sci.esa.int/xmm/ The European Space Agency (ESA) site describing the XMM-Newton x-ray telescope. • —www.ing.iac.es/ The site for the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes—includes the 4.2 m WHT, the 2.5 m INT and the 1.0 m JKT. • —www.jach/hawaii.edu/ Joint Astronomy Center with telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea on Hawaii. Adding ‘JACpublic/UKIRT’ to the address provides information about the United Kingdom Infra- Red Telescope, the World’s largest telescope devoted to IR astronomy. • —www.eso.org/ The site of The European Southern Observatory operating telescopes in the southern hemisphere. Adding ‘projects/vlt/’ to the address provides information about ESO’s four 8·2 m telescopes operating in concert. Adding ‘projects/owl/’ to the address provides information on the OverWhelmingly Large Telescope or OWL Project. • —www.subaru.naoj.org/ The site of Japan’s 8·2 m optical–infrared telescope. • —www.astro.lu.se/∼torben/ The Swedish Lund Observatory site. Clicking on ‘Euro 50’ provides information on Sweden’s proposed 50 m telescope. • —celt.ucolick.org/ The site of the University of California Lick Observatory providing information on CELT (The California Extremely Large Telescope). • www.aura-nio.noao.edu/ AURA—New Initiatives Office—details of the 30 m Giant Segmented Telescope are provided. • www.noao.edu/ US National Optical Astronomy Observatory—an excellent site for pictures of telescopes and celestial objects.
Web sites 453 • www.stsci.edu/ The site of the Space Telescope Science Institute—Information about the Hubble Space Telescope is available, together with recent images of astronomical objects.
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Chapter 1 Naked eye observations 1.
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A month 5 seen to rise above the ea
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A year 7 between south and west. An
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Chapter 2 Ancient world models Firs
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Ancient world models 11 Figure 2.1.
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Chapter 3 Observations made by inst
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Instrumentation in astronomy 15 Fig
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The role of the observer 17 Earth a
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Electromagnetic radiation 19 meteor
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Electromagnetic radiation 21 If, fo
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Electromagnetic radiation 23 device
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Direction of arrival of the radiati
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Brightness 27 Figure 5.3. The windo
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Brightness 29 physical conditions w
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Time 31 to house radio transmitters
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Chapter 6 The night sky 6.1 Star ma
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Simple observations 35 Figure 6.1.
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Chapter 7 The geometry of the spher
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Spherical trigonometry 51 determine
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Spherical trigonometry 53 Figure 7.
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The small spherical triangle 55 7.4
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Problems—Chapter 7 57 Although th
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Chapter 8 The celestial sphere: coo
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The equatorial system 61 Figure 8.2
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Circumpolar stars 63 Figure 8.4. A
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Also Hence, we have or The measurem
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The geocentric celestial sphere 67
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Transformation of one coordinate sy
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Right ascension 71 or cos 47 ◦ 39
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The Sun’s geocentric behaviour 73
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Sunset and sunrise 75 Figure 8.15.
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Megalithic man and the Sun 77 Figur
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The ecliptic system of coordinates
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Galactic coordinates 81 Table 8.1.
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Galactic coordinates 83 Figure 8.22
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Galactic coordinates 85 Figure 8.25
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Problems—Chapter 8 87 where ε is
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Sidereal time 89 Figure 9.1. The ti
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Sidereal time 91 Figure 9.3. An equ
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Mean solar time 93 Figure 9.4. Posi
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The relationship between mean solar
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The civil day and timekeeping 97 It
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The tropical year and the calendar
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The Earth’s geographical zones 10
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Hence, the period of the year durin
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Twilight 105 Figure 9.10. The heati
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Twilight 107 For this to happen, ZB
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h m s Date Approximate ZT 16 30 0 J
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Problems—Chapter 9 111 Date (00 h
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Atmospheric refraction 113 Figure 1
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where ZOL = r. But ZOL = ζ .AlsoAB
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so that we have But Hence, Similarl
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Now But θ is a small angle so we m
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Geocentric parallax 121 Figure 10.6
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The semi-diameter of a celestial ob
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Measuring distance in the Solar Sys
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Stellar parallax 127 Figure 10.10.
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Stellar parallax 129 after. The val
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Problems—Chapter 10 131 Recent ob
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Chapter 11 The reduction of positio
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The velocity of light 135 Table 11.
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The constant of aberration 137 Figu
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Diurnal and planetary aberration 13
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Precession of the equinoxes 141 Fig
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Effect of precession on a star’s
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Nutation 145 Figure 11.10. The grav
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The tropical and sidereal years 147
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Chapter 12 Geocentric planetary phe
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The Copernican System 151 Figure 12
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Planetary configurations 153 (a) V
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The synodic period 155 Figure 12.5.
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Measurement of planetary distances
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Stationary points 159 Figure 12.8.
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Stationary points 161 Using equatio
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The phase of a planet 163 Figure 12
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Problems—Chapter 12 165 with an o
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Planetary orbits 167 Figure 13.1. M
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Planetary orbits 169 If P 1 SP 2 is
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Newton’s law of gravitation 171 a
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The Principia of Isaac Newton 173 N
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The two-body problem 175 Figure 13.
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The two-body problem 179 13.6.5 The
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The astronomical unit 183 For an ex
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Chapter 14 Celestial mechanics: the
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14.3 General properties of the many
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Special perturbation theories 189 F
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Special perturbation theories 191 F
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14.6 Dynamics of artificial Earth s
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The geostationary satellite 195 in
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Interplanetary transfer orbits 197
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Then V B = V c2 − V A ,sinceV c2
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Problems—Chapter 14 205 (figure 1
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210 The radiation laws Figure 15.1.
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212 The radiation laws Table 15.1.
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216 The radiation laws In order to
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218 The radiation laws where σ is
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220 The radiation laws The brightne
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222 The radiation laws centrifugal
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226 The radiation laws is moving pa
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230 The radiation laws In most phys
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232 The radiation laws radiation ha
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234 The radiation laws radiation is
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236 The radiation laws Figure 15.14
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Chapter 16 The optics of telescope
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240 The optics of telescope collect
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Chapter 17 Visual use of telescopes
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274 Visual use of telescopes By sub
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276 Visual use of telescopes 17.3 M
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278 Visual use of telescopes By let
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280 Visual use of telescopes Figure
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282 Visual use of telescopes For sm
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284 Detectors for optical telescope
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306 Astronomical optical measuremen
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Chapter 20 Modern telescopes and ot
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332 Modern telescopes and other opt
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Chapter 21 Radio telescopes 21.1 In
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354 Radio telescopes Figure 21.2. A
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358 Radio telescopes Figure 21.6. T
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362 Radio telescopes (a) Paraboloid
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364 Radio telescopes Figure 21.12.
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366 Radio telescopes The record fro
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368 Radio telescopes 2 N N Figure 2
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Chapter 22 Telescope mountings 22.1
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376 Telescope mountings arc and thi
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378 Telescope mountings Figure 22.4
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380 Telescope mountings The design
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382 High energy instruments and oth
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Page 398 and 399: 404 Practical projects to give the
Page 400 and 401: 406 Practical projects Figure 24.2.
Page 402 and 403: 408 Practical projects measurement
Page 410 and 411: 416 Practical projects Summer Time
Page 412 and 413: 418 Practical projects Figure 24.12
Page 416 and 417: 422 Practical projects point was ch
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Page 422 and 423: 428 Practical projects 24.5 Solar d
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Page 426 and 427: 432 Practical projects 24.5.4 The e
Page 432 and 433: 438 Practical projects Now in t hou
Page 434 and 435: 440 Practical projects Table 24.2.
Page 436 and 437: 442 Practical projects 24.7.2 The i
Page 442 and 443: 448 Practical projects right ascens
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Page 448 and 449: Appendix: Astronomical and related
Page 450 and 451: 456 Appendix: Astronomical and rela
Page 452 and 453: Bibliography 1 Source books The Ast
Page 454 and 455: Answers to problems Chapter 7 1. 32
Page 456 and 457: 462 Answers to problems Figure A8.2
Page 458 and 459: 464 Answers to problems Figure A10.
Page 460 and 461: 466 Answers to problems Figure A13.
Page 462 and 463: 468 Answers to problems 5. 1·64 6.
Page 464 and 465: 470 Index black body radiation, 216
Page 466 and 467: 472 Index atom, 221 line, 353 illum
Page 468 and 469: 474 Index potential energy, 177 pow
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