Astronomy Principles and Practice Fourth Edition.pdf

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474 Index potential energy, 177 power gain, 354 precession of the equinoxes, 141 proportional counter, 386 proton, 220 Ptolemy, 11, 133, 209 Purkinje effect, 285 Pythagoras, 10 quadrature, 154 quanta, 283 quantization of angular momentum, 222 quantum efficiency, 284 radar, 372 radial velocity, 229 radiant, 18 Ramsden eyepiece, 278 Rayleigh scattering, 28 Rayleigh’s criterion, 248 Rayleigh’s law, 314 Rayleigh–Jeans approximation, 217 reciprocal linear dispersion, 325 reciprocity failure, 289 reflector, 238 refractive power, 115, 250 refractor, 238 relative motion, 229 rendezvous problem, 199 resolving power, 16, 245, 444 retrograde motion, 150, 158 right ascension, (α), 24, 71 Ritchey–Chrétian telescope, 261 Ritchie, 211 Ritter, 209 Roemer, 135 Schmidt telescope, 339 scintillation noise, 29 secular terms, 188 seeing, 315 seeing disc, 317 selenocentric system, 59 semi-diameter, 123 semi-major axis, 167, 186 semi-minor axis, 167 sextant, 345 shape factor, 253 shot noise, 297 side-lobe, 353 sidereal, 5 day, 88, 96 period, 154 year, 147 siderostat, 347 signal-to-noise ratio, 16 sine formula, 52 skeleton radio telescope, 367 small circle, 45 solar parallax, 122 rotation period, 429 sailing, 183 solid angle, 214 state detector, 14 solstice summer, 73, 103 winter, 73, 103 spark chamber, 388 spatial resolution, 286 special perturbations, 189 specific intensity, 216 speckle interferometry, 338 spectral resolving power, 325 spectral response, 283 spectral sensitivity, 286 spectrum, 209 speed, 286 sphere of influence, 203 spherical angle, 46 astronomy, 45 triangle, 46 spring, 103 St<strong>and</strong>ard Time, 97 st<strong>and</strong>ard time zone, 97 Stark effect, 230 station error, 48 stationary point, 150, 159 Stefan’s constant, 218 Stefan–Boltzmann law, 217 stellar luminosity, 218 parallax, 126 steradian, 214 Stonehenge, 76 Strehl index, 318 sub-solar point, 412 summer, 103
Index 475 sundial, 403 sunspots, 428 superior conjunction, 154 planet, 154 synodic period, 154 telescope objective, 249 Terrestrial Dynamical Time, 100 Thales, 11 The Astronomical Almanac, 68, 89, 94, 100, 101, 104, 122, 138, 144, 147 The Principia, 173 theodolite, 345 time, 31 of perihelion passage, 186 topocentric system, 59 Torrid Zone, 101 transit telescope, 65, 342 transition, 223 transmission efficiency, 240 transmittance, 288 tropical year, 99, 147 Tropics of Cancer, 101 Capricorn, 101 true anomaly, 168, 176 equator, 147 twilight, 4 astronomical, 105 civil, 105 nautical, 105 UBV system, 307 Universal Time, 97 unsharp masking, 293 upper culmination, 64 transit, 64 variation of latitude, 138 vernal equinox, 25 vernier acuity, 285 verticals, 60 very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), 366 visual system, 307 wave mechanics, 226 Weber–Fechner law, 219 Whittaker’s rule, 277 Wien’s displacement law, 218 window, 27 winter, 103 Wollaston, 209 x-ray astronomy, 381 Yagi antenna, 358 Young, 209 Zeeman, 234 zenith, 59 tube, 343 zenith distance apparent, 122 calculated, 414 geocentric, 122 observed, 414 true, 122 Zodiac, 73 Zone Time, 97
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Chapter 1 Naked eye observations 1.
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A month 5 seen to rise above the ea
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A year 7 between south and west. An
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Chapter 2 Ancient world models Firs
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Ancient world models 11 Figure 2.1.
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Chapter 3 Observations made by inst
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Instrumentation in astronomy 15 Fig
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The role of the observer 17 Earth a
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Electromagnetic radiation 19 meteor
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Electromagnetic radiation 21 If, fo
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Electromagnetic radiation 23 device
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Direction of arrival of the radiati
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Brightness 27 Figure 5.3. The windo
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Brightness 29 physical conditions w
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Time 31 to house radio transmitters
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Chapter 6 The night sky 6.1 Star ma
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Simple observations 35 Figure 6.1.
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Chapter 7 The geometry of the spher
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Spherical trigonometry 51 determine
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Spherical trigonometry 53 Figure 7.
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The small spherical triangle 55 7.4
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Problems—Chapter 7 57 Although th
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Chapter 8 The celestial sphere: coo
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The equatorial system 61 Figure 8.2
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Circumpolar stars 63 Figure 8.4. A
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Also Hence, we have or The measurem
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The geocentric celestial sphere 67
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Transformation of one coordinate sy
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Right ascension 71 or cos 47 ◦ 39
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The Sun’s geocentric behaviour 73
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Sunset and sunrise 75 Figure 8.15.
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Megalithic man and the Sun 77 Figur
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The ecliptic system of coordinates
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Galactic coordinates 81 Table 8.1.
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Galactic coordinates 83 Figure 8.22
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Galactic coordinates 85 Figure 8.25
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Problems—Chapter 8 87 where ε is
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Sidereal time 89 Figure 9.1. The ti
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Sidereal time 91 Figure 9.3. An equ
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Mean solar time 93 Figure 9.4. Posi
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The relationship between mean solar
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The civil day and timekeeping 97 It
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The tropical year and the calendar
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The Earth’s geographical zones 10
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Hence, the period of the year durin
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Twilight 105 Figure 9.10. The heati
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Twilight 107 For this to happen, ZB
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h m s Date Approximate ZT 16 30 0 J
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Problems—Chapter 9 111 Date (00 h
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Atmospheric refraction 113 Figure 1
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where ZOL = r. But ZOL = ζ .AlsoAB
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so that we have But Hence, Similarl
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Now But θ is a small angle so we m
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Geocentric parallax 121 Figure 10.6
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The semi-diameter of a celestial ob
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Measuring distance in the Solar Sys
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Stellar parallax 127 Figure 10.10.
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Stellar parallax 129 after. The val
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Problems—Chapter 10 131 Recent ob
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Chapter 11 The reduction of positio
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The velocity of light 135 Table 11.
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The constant of aberration 137 Figu
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Diurnal and planetary aberration 13
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Precession of the equinoxes 141 Fig
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Effect of precession on a star’s
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Nutation 145 Figure 11.10. The grav
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The tropical and sidereal years 147
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Chapter 12 Geocentric planetary phe
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The Copernican System 151 Figure 12
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Planetary configurations 153 (a) V
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The synodic period 155 Figure 12.5.
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Measurement of planetary distances
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Stationary points 159 Figure 12.8.
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Stationary points 161 Using equatio
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The phase of a planet 163 Figure 12
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Problems—Chapter 12 165 with an o
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Planetary orbits 167 Figure 13.1. M
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Planetary orbits 169 If P 1 SP 2 is
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Newton’s law of gravitation 171 a
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The Principia of Isaac Newton 173 N
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The two-body problem 175 Figure 13.
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The two-body problem 179 13.6.5 The
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The astronomical unit 183 For an ex
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Chapter 14 Celestial mechanics: the
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14.3 General properties of the many
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Special perturbation theories 189 F
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Special perturbation theories 191 F
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14.6 Dynamics of artificial Earth s
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The geostationary satellite 195 in
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Interplanetary transfer orbits 197
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Then V B = V c2 − V A ,sinceV c2
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Problems—Chapter 14 205 (figure 1
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210 The radiation laws Figure 15.1.
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212 The radiation laws Table 15.1.
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216 The radiation laws In order to
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218 The radiation laws where σ is
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220 The radiation laws The brightne
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222 The radiation laws centrifugal
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226 The radiation laws is moving pa
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230 The radiation laws In most phys
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232 The radiation laws radiation ha
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234 The radiation laws radiation is
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236 The radiation laws Figure 15.14
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Chapter 16 The optics of telescope
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240 The optics of telescope collect
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Chapter 17 Visual use of telescopes
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274 Visual use of telescopes By sub
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276 Visual use of telescopes 17.3 M
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278 Visual use of telescopes By let
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280 Visual use of telescopes Figure
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282 Visual use of telescopes For sm
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284 Detectors for optical telescope
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306 Astronomical optical measuremen
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Chapter 20 Modern telescopes and ot
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332 Modern telescopes and other opt
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Chapter 21 Radio telescopes 21.1 In
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354 Radio telescopes Figure 21.2. A
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358 Radio telescopes Figure 21.6. T
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362 Radio telescopes (a) Paraboloid
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364 Radio telescopes Figure 21.12.
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366 Radio telescopes The record fro
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368 Radio telescopes 2 N N Figure 2
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Chapter 22 Telescope mountings 22.1
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376 Telescope mountings arc and thi
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378 Telescope mountings Figure 22.4
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380 Telescope mountings The design
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382 High energy instruments and oth
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404 Practical projects to give the
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406 Practical projects Figure 24.2.
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408 Practical projects measurement
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416 Practical projects Summer Time
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418 Practical projects Figure 24.12
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420 Practical projects Figure 24.13
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422 Practical projects point was ch
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Page 436 and 437: 442 Practical projects 24.7.2 The i
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Page 448 and 449: Appendix: Astronomical and related
Page 450 and 451: 456 Appendix: Astronomical and rela
Page 452 and 453: Bibliography 1 Source books The Ast
Page 454 and 455: Answers to problems Chapter 7 1. 32
Page 456 and 457: 462 Answers to problems Figure A8.2
Page 458 and 459: 464 Answers to problems Figure A10.
Page 460 and 461: 466 Answers to problems Figure A13.
Page 462 and 463: 468 Answers to problems 5. 1·64 6.
Page 464 and 465: 470 Index black body radiation, 216
Page 466 and 467: 472 Index atom, 221 line, 353 illum
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