Astronomy Principles and Practice Fourth Edition.pdf

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472 Index atom, 221 line, 353 illumination, 244 image intensifier, 299 photon counting system, 300 inclination, 185 index of refraction, 113 inferior conjunction, 154 planet, 154 infrared observations, 391 radiation, 209 windows, 392 inner planets (distance determination), 442 instrumental profile, 16 integration time, 321, 355 intensity interferometer, 335 scintillation, 315 intensity scintillation, 29 interference pattern, 448 interferometer, 335, 362, 448 International Atomic Time, 101 Date Line, 97 Space Station, 5 ionized, 225 ionosphere, 26, 115 IRAS Observatory, 393 iris diaphragm photometer, 320 Isaac Newton, 166, 209 IUE Observatory, 391 Jansky, 352 Julian Modified Date, 100 calendar, 99 Date, 100 Day Numbers, 99 Heliocentric Date, 100 Kepler, 152, 166 Kepler’s laws, 166 second law, 442 third law, 169 kiloparsec, 130 kinetic energy, 177, 187, 194, 196 Kirchhoff’s law, 211, 216 latitude, 47, 408 astronomical, 48 celestial, 79 ecliptic, 79 galactic, 81 geocentric, 48 geographic, 48 leap year, 99 light-year, 130 line of apsides, 186 of nodes, 185 profiles, 227 linear polarization, 232 local sidereal time, 78, 88 longitude, 47, 403 celestial, 79 ecliptic, 79 galactic, 81 geocentric, 49 geodetic, 49 of ascending node, 185 Lord Rutherford, 221 lower culmination, 64 luminance, 244 lunar occultation, 13, 368 lunar occultations, 336 luni-solar precession, 145 Lyman series, 224 magnifying power, 444 magnitude system, 29 major axis, 167 Maksutov–Bouwers camera, 341 Malin, David, 293 Maskelyne, 13 maximum elongation, 154 Maxwell distribution, 230 mean coordinates, 144 equator, 144, 147 equinox, 144 free path, 396 horizontal parallax, 122 midnight, 93 noon, 93 solar day, 93, 96
Index 473 solar time, 92 sun, 92 Melvill, 209 meridian, 61 circle, 65, 342 MERLIN, 366 meteor, 5, 18 meteorite, 19 meteorology, 4 Michelson stellar interferometer, 333, 448 microchannel plate, 387 microdensitometer, 328 microphotometer, 288 midnight Sun, 103 Millikan, 220 minor axis, 167 modulation collimator, 383 Moon’s sidereal path, 7 multiple mirror telescope, 331 nadir, 59 nautical mile, 50 Neil Armstrong, 149 Newton’s laws of motion, 170 noise, 16 noise equivalent power, 393 noon-marker, 403 north celestial pole, 59 polar distance, 62 North Polar Sequence, 307 Norton’s Star Atlas, 33, 35 nova, 7 nutation, 133, 145 objective photographic, 253 photovisual, 253 prism, 327 visual, 253 obliquity of the ecliptic, 74 opacity, 288 opposition, 154 optical depth, 312 window, 283 parabolic dish, 360 parallactic angle, 67, 120 ellipse, 126 shift, 67 parallel of latitude, 49 parasitic antenna, 358 paraxial ray, 253 parsec, 130 partial polarization, 234 Paschen series, 224 perigee, 93, 180 perihelion, 168, 178 period of revolution, 168 periodic terms, 188 personal equation, 13 Petzval surface, 256 Pfund series, 224 phase angle, 154 phase-switching, 364 phased array, 359 Philolaus, 10 photocathode, 294 photoelectric effect, 14 photoelectrons, 293 photographic plate, 14 system, 307 photomultiplier, 294 photon, 21, 283 energy, 381 shot noise, 21, 242 photovisual system, 307 planet, 6 planetary aberration, 140 distances, 156 phase, 162 planetocentric system, 59 planisphere, 35 plate scale, 241 Pogson’s equation, 219 point spread function, 16, 322 polar axis, 91, 374 night, 103 Polaris, 59 polarization, 23, 30, 263, 371 degree of, 234 ellipse, 232 pole, 45 star, 59 position circle, 413
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Chapter 1 Naked eye observations 1.
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A month 5 seen to rise above the ea
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A year 7 between south and west. An
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Chapter 2 Ancient world models Firs
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Ancient world models 11 Figure 2.1.
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Chapter 3 Observations made by inst
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Instrumentation in astronomy 15 Fig
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The role of the observer 17 Earth a
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Electromagnetic radiation 19 meteor
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Electromagnetic radiation 21 If, fo
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Electromagnetic radiation 23 device
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Direction of arrival of the radiati
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Brightness 27 Figure 5.3. The windo
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Brightness 29 physical conditions w
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Time 31 to house radio transmitters
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Chapter 6 The night sky 6.1 Star ma
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Simple observations 35 Figure 6.1.
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Chapter 7 The geometry of the spher
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Spherical trigonometry 51 determine
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Spherical trigonometry 53 Figure 7.
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The small spherical triangle 55 7.4
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Problems—Chapter 7 57 Although th
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Chapter 8 The celestial sphere: coo
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The equatorial system 61 Figure 8.2
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Circumpolar stars 63 Figure 8.4. A
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Also Hence, we have or The measurem
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The geocentric celestial sphere 67
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Transformation of one coordinate sy
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Right ascension 71 or cos 47 ◦ 39
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The Sun’s geocentric behaviour 73
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Sunset and sunrise 75 Figure 8.15.
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Megalithic man and the Sun 77 Figur
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The ecliptic system of coordinates
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Galactic coordinates 81 Table 8.1.
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Galactic coordinates 83 Figure 8.22
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Galactic coordinates 85 Figure 8.25
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Problems—Chapter 8 87 where ε is
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Sidereal time 89 Figure 9.1. The ti
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Sidereal time 91 Figure 9.3. An equ
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Mean solar time 93 Figure 9.4. Posi
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The relationship between mean solar
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The civil day and timekeeping 97 It
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The tropical year and the calendar
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The Earth’s geographical zones 10
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Hence, the period of the year durin
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Twilight 105 Figure 9.10. The heati
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Twilight 107 For this to happen, ZB
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h m s Date Approximate ZT 16 30 0 J
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Problems—Chapter 9 111 Date (00 h
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Atmospheric refraction 113 Figure 1
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where ZOL = r. But ZOL = ζ .AlsoAB
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so that we have But Hence, Similarl
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Now But θ is a small angle so we m
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Geocentric parallax 121 Figure 10.6
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The semi-diameter of a celestial ob
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Measuring distance in the Solar Sys
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Stellar parallax 127 Figure 10.10.
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Stellar parallax 129 after. The val
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Problems—Chapter 10 131 Recent ob
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Chapter 11 The reduction of positio
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The velocity of light 135 Table 11.
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The constant of aberration 137 Figu
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Diurnal and planetary aberration 13
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Precession of the equinoxes 141 Fig
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Effect of precession on a star’s
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Nutation 145 Figure 11.10. The grav
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The tropical and sidereal years 147
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Chapter 12 Geocentric planetary phe
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The Copernican System 151 Figure 12
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Planetary configurations 153 (a) V
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The synodic period 155 Figure 12.5.
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Measurement of planetary distances
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Stationary points 159 Figure 12.8.
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Stationary points 161 Using equatio
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The phase of a planet 163 Figure 12
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Problems—Chapter 12 165 with an o
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Planetary orbits 167 Figure 13.1. M
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Planetary orbits 169 If P 1 SP 2 is
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Newton’s law of gravitation 171 a
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The Principia of Isaac Newton 173 N
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The two-body problem 175 Figure 13.
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The two-body problem 179 13.6.5 The
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The astronomical unit 183 For an ex
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Chapter 14 Celestial mechanics: the
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14.3 General properties of the many
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Special perturbation theories 189 F
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Special perturbation theories 191 F
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14.6 Dynamics of artificial Earth s
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The geostationary satellite 195 in
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Interplanetary transfer orbits 197
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Then V B = V c2 − V A ,sinceV c2
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Problems—Chapter 14 205 (figure 1
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210 The radiation laws Figure 15.1.
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212 The radiation laws Table 15.1.
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216 The radiation laws In order to
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218 The radiation laws where σ is
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220 The radiation laws The brightne
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222 The radiation laws centrifugal
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226 The radiation laws is moving pa
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230 The radiation laws In most phys
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232 The radiation laws radiation ha
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234 The radiation laws radiation is
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236 The radiation laws Figure 15.14
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Chapter 16 The optics of telescope
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240 The optics of telescope collect
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Chapter 17 Visual use of telescopes
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274 Visual use of telescopes By sub
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276 Visual use of telescopes 17.3 M
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278 Visual use of telescopes By let
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280 Visual use of telescopes Figure
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282 Visual use of telescopes For sm
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284 Detectors for optical telescope
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306 Astronomical optical measuremen
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Chapter 20 Modern telescopes and ot
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332 Modern telescopes and other opt
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Chapter 21 Radio telescopes 21.1 In
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354 Radio telescopes Figure 21.2. A
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358 Radio telescopes Figure 21.6. T
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362 Radio telescopes (a) Paraboloid
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364 Radio telescopes Figure 21.12.
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366 Radio telescopes The record fro
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368 Radio telescopes 2 N N Figure 2
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Chapter 22 Telescope mountings 22.1
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376 Telescope mountings arc and thi
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378 Telescope mountings Figure 22.4
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380 Telescope mountings The design
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382 High energy instruments and oth
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404 Practical projects to give the
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406 Practical projects Figure 24.2.
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408 Practical projects measurement
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416 Practical projects Summer Time
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418 Practical projects Figure 24.12
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420 Practical projects Figure 24.13
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Page 436 and 437: 442 Practical projects 24.7.2 The i
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Page 446 and 447: 452 Web sites • W 20.5—www.mrao
Page 448 and 449: Appendix: Astronomical and related
Page 450 and 451: 456 Appendix: Astronomical and rela
Page 452 and 453: Bibliography 1 Source books The Ast
Page 454 and 455: Answers to problems Chapter 7 1. 32
Page 456 and 457: 462 Answers to problems Figure A8.2
Page 458 and 459: 464 Answers to problems Figure A10.
Page 460 and 461: 466 Answers to problems Figure A13.
Page 462 and 463: 468 Answers to problems 5. 1·64 6.
Page 464 and 465: 470 Index black body radiation, 216
Page 468 and 469: 474 Index potential energy, 177 pow
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